There are several makes of hank-dyeing machines of this type, and as a rule they work very well. The only source of trouble is a slight tendency for the yarn on one reel if hung loosely of becoming entangled with the yarn on one of the other reels. This is to some extent obviated by hanging in the bottom of the hank a roller which acts as a weight and keeps the yarn stretched and so prevents it flying about.
To some makes of these machines a hank wringer is attached.
[Illustration: FIG. 12.--Klauder-Weldon Dyeing Machine.]
=Klauder-Weldon Hank-dyeing Machine.=--This is illustrated in Fig. 12, which shows the latest form. This machine consists of a half-cylindrical dye-vat built of wood. On a central axis is built two discs or rod carriers which can revolve in the dye-vat, the revolution being given by suitable gearing, which is shown at the side of the machine. On the outer edge of the discs are clips for carrying rods, on which one end of the hanks of yarn is hung, while the other end is placed on a similar rod carried near the axle. The revolution of the discs carries the yarn through the dye-liquor contained in the lower semi-cylindrical part of the machine previously alluded to. At a certain point, every revolution of the discs, the rods carrying the yarns are turned a little; this causes the yarn to move on the rods, and this motion helps to bring about greater evenness of dyeing. The most modern form of this machine is provided with an arrangement by means of which the whole batch of yarn can be lifted out of the dye-liquor. Arrangements are made by which from time to time fresh quantities of dye can be added if required to bring up the dyed yarn to any desired shade. This machine works well and gives good results. Beyond the necessary labour in charging and discharging, and a little attention from time to time, as the operation proceeds, to see if the dyeing is coming up to shade, the machine requires little attention.
Many other forms of hank-dyeing machines have been devised: there is Corron's, in which an ordinary rectangular dye-vat is used. Round this is a framework which carries a lifting and falling arrangement that travels to and fro along the vat. The hanks of yarn are hung on rods of a special construction designed to open them out in a manner as nearly approaching handwork as is possible. The machine works in this way: the lifting arrangement is at one end of the vat, the hanks are hung on the rods and placed in the vat. Then the lifter is set in motion and moves along the vat; as it does so it lifts up each rod full of yarn, turns it over, opening out the yarn in so doing, then it drops it again in the vat. When it has travelled to the end of the vat it returns, picking up the rods of yarn in so doing, and this motion is kept up until the dyeing is completed. This machine is very ingenious.
A type of machine which has been made by several makers consists of an ordinary rectangular dye-vat surrounded with a framework carrying a number of sets of endless chains, the links of which carry fingers. The hanks of yarn are hung on rods at one end of which is a tooth wheel that when in position fits into a rack on the side of the vat. The action of the machine is this: the hanks are hung on the rods and placed at the entrance end of the vat, by the moving of the chains it is carried along the vat and at the same time revolves, thus turning over the yarn which hangs in the dye-liquor; when it reaches the opposite end of the vat, the rod full of yarn is lifted out, carried upwards and then towards the other end of the vat when it is again dropped into the dye-vat to go through the same cycle of movements which is continued until the yarn is properly dyed.
COP DYEING.
In weaving fancy-coloured fabrics the ordinary mode is to dye the yarn in the hank form, then those which have to be used for the weft are wound into the cop form for placing in the shuttles. The cop form is that in which the yarn leaves the spinning frame, and necessarily apart from the dyeing there is labour involved in reeling it into hanks and winding it back again into the cop form, not only so but there is necessarily some waste made in these operations. Many attempts have been made, with more or less success, to dye the yarn while in the cop form and so save the cost of the hanking and copping above referred to as well as the waste which occurs. Cops cannot be satisfactorily dyed by simple immersion in a boiling dye-bath, the outside becomes dyed but the central portions as often as not remain quite white, and there is a distinct grading of colour or shade throughout the cop, the outer portions being deeply dyed while the middle portion will only have a medium shade and the central portions either not being dyed at all or only faintly tinted, much depending on the firmness with which the cop has been wound. A soft, loosely wound cop is much more thoroughly dyed than a hard, tightly wound cop. This uneven dyeing of the cops is not satisfactory, and must be avoided if cop dyeing is to be a success. Many dyers have turned their attention to this question of dyeing yarn in the cop form, and many machines have been devised for the purpose; some of these have not been a success, but a few have been found to yield satisfactory results and proved in practice very successful.
In all machines for dyeing cops one principle has been adopted--that of drawing or forcing the dye-liquor through the cop.
[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Graemiger Cop-dyeing Machine.]
=Graemiger's Cop-dyeing Machine.=--This is shown in section in Figs. 13 and 14. Although simple in its work it is somewhat complex in its construction and difficult to describe. The machine consists of a dye-vat to hold the requisite dye-liquors. In the upper portions of this is an iron casting formed with four chambers, the two lower ones of which are immersed in the dye-liquor while the upper chambers are above it. The sides of this casting are formed of metal plates which fit tightly against the casting and form as nearly air-and water-tight joints with it as it is possible to make. These metal plates are on a spindle and can be rotated. They are perforated and made to carry spindles, on which are placed the cops to be dyed. The two lower chambers are in connection with a pump which draws the air from them and so creates a vacuum inside the chambers. To fill this, liquor from the dye-vat passes through the cops and into the chambers, and is in turn drawn through the pump and returned to the dye-vat. In this way there is a continual circulation of dye-liquors from the vat through the cops, chambers and pump back to the vat again.
[Illustration: FIG. 14.--Graemiger Cop-dyeing Machine.]
The left upper chamber is practically a blank chamber. Those portions of the cop carriers in contact with it are filled with cops, which are placed on perforated spindles; the discs are given a quarter revolution which brings the cops into the dye-liquor and in connection with the left lower chamber and are dyed. At the same time the section of the cop carriers now in contact with the left top chamber is filled with a new lot of cops, another quarter of a revolution is given to the cop carriers, which immerse the new lot of cops in the dye-liquor. The third quarter of the cop plates is filled with cops. A third movement of the cop plates now takes place; this brings the first lot of cops out of the dye-liquor and in contact with the right upper chamber, where the surplus liquor is drawn out of them and returned to the dye-vat. Another revolution brings the cops back to their first position, they are now removed and a new lot substituted. These proceedings go on continuously. Although not quite free from defects the machine gives very good results, the cops being very uniformly dyed through.
[Illustration: FIG. 15.--- Beaumont's Cop-dyeing Machine.]
=Beaumont's Cop-dyeing Machine.=--This is illustrated in Fig. 15. It consists of a copper hemispherical dye-vessel, which is provided with a tightly fitting lid, although this is not needed in all cases. The bottom of the vessel is in communication with the suction end of a centrifugal pump, while the delivery end of the pump is attached to the upper end of the dye-vessel, the action of the pump being to secure a constant circulation of dye-liquor from the bottom to the top of the dye-vessel. Arrangements are provided by a peculiar and ingenious contrivance fitted in one side of the dye-kettle for introducing steam to heat the dye-liquor to any required degree. As in most forms of cop-dyeing machines, the cops are placed on perforated metal spindles.
The cops and spindles are inserted in holes in a perforated metal plate, and over them is placed a thin metal plate, technically called the antifloater, whose object is to prevent the cops from becoming detached from the plate. This plate, full of cops, is now placed in the dye-vessel and rests upon a flange which is provided for that purpose.
When the cop plate is in position the dye-vessel is divided into two chambers--a lower chamber and an upper one, in the latter being the cops.
The pump draws liquor from the chamber under the cop plate and so creates a vacuum, which during the working of the machines ranges from 10 to 20 inches in degree. To supply this vacuum, dye-liquor is drawn from the upper chamber through the cops. The pump returns the liquor to the dye-vessel. A very rapid circulation of dye-liquor takes place, from 25 to 50 gallons per minute passing through the cops and pump. From five to ten minutes is sufficient to dye the cops. The machine is simple in its construction and gives good results, the cops being completely dyed through. One important consideration in cop dyeing is to be able to dye successive batches of cops to exactly the same shade, and this is quite possible with this machine.
=Young & Crippin's Cop-dyeing Machine.=--So far as simplicity of construction is concerned this lies between the two preceding machines.
It consists of four parts with some accessory mechanism. There is first a dye-liquor storage tank at the base of the apparatus in which the liquor is kept stored and boiling (if necessary) ready for use, above this and at the front end is the dye-chamber, this communicates at its lower end by a pipe with the dye-liquor in the dye-vat. Then there is a large vacuum chamber, in which by means of an injector a vacuum can be formed, this directly communicates with a liquor-receiving chamber which again in turn is in communication with the upper part of the dye-chamber. The cops are placed on perforated spindles as usual, and these on a perforated plate and are kept in place by a plate which is screwed down on them. The charged cop plate is placed in the dye-chamber on which a cover is placed and screwed down. By means of a lever the injector is set at work, a vacuum created in the vacuum and receiving chambers, the consequence being that dye-liquor is drawn from the vat through the cops in the dye-chamber into the receiving chamber. When a certain quantity of liquor has passed through, by a movement of a lever, the vacuum is destroyed, and the dye-liquor runs back into the dye-vat; these operations are repeated until from past experience of the working of the machine it is thought sufficient has passed through to dye the cops, when the dye-chamber is opened and the cops taken out. This machine works very well.
=Mommer's Cop-dyeing Machine.=--This is in use in several continental dye-works. The central portion of this machine is a rectangular dye-chamber, which can be hermetically closed by hinged doors, the cops are placed side by side on trays provided with perforated bottoms, the trays being placed one on the top of the other in the dye-chamber. From the top of the dye-chamber passes a pipe to a centrifugal pump, and a similar pipe passes from the bottom of the chamber to the pump. A separate vat contains the dye-liquor which is used. The pump forces the dye-liquor through the cops which take up the dye. Arrangements are provided by which the direction of the flow of the dye-liquor can be changed. This machine gives fairly good results, not perhaps equal to those with the machines previously described.
=Warp-dyeing Machines.=--Although many warps, especially for fancy fabrics, are prepared from yarns dyed in the hank or cop form, yet it is found advantageous when a warp is of one colour, a self-colour as it is called, to form the warp from grey or white yarns and to dye it after warping. If the warp were so wound as to be able to go into a Obermaier dyeing machine, it would be possible to dye it in that machine, but generally warps are dyed in the open form and are passed through a dyeing vat, commonly called a warp-vat which is constructed as shown in Fig. 16. These warp-dyeing machines generally consist of a long rectangular wooden dye-vat, divided by two partitions into three compartments, each provided with steam pipes to heat up its contents; between the first and second and between the second and third compartments is fitted a pair of squeezing rollers, while the third compartment is fitted with a heavier pair of squeezing rollers. Motion is given to these rollers by suitable gearing, and they serve to draw the warp through the machine. Guide rollers are fitted in the compartment, and the warp being taken round these, it passes several times up and down and through the dye-liquors contained in the compartments. These warp-dyeing machines may be made of sufficient width to take one, two, three or more warps at one time as desired.
[Illustration: FIG. 16.--Warp-dyeing Machine.]
The three compartments of the machine may contain different liquids or all the same liquid according as the nature of the shade to be dyed demands. The passage is done slowly so as to give the warp time to absorb the liquors and take up the dye. When all the length of warp has been sent through, it is said to have been dyed "one end". Sometimes this will be enough, but often it is not, and so the warp is sent through again, given another end, and still again if the full shade has not been attained.
After being dyed in this machine the warp is sent through another one containing various wash liquors to finish the process.
[Illustration: FIG. 17.--Warp-dyeing Machine.]
Fig. 17 shows a warp-dyeing machine similar to, but a little more elaborate in construction than, the vats just described.
=Piece-dyeing Machines.=--Wherever it is possible it is far more preferable to dye textile fabrics in the form of woven pieces rather than in the yarn from which they are woven. During the process of weaving it is quite impossible to avoid the material getting dirty and somewhat greasy, and the operations of scouring necessary to remove this dirt and grease has an impairing action on the colour if dyed yarns have been used in weaving it. This is avoided when the pieces are woven first and dyed afterwards, and this can always be done when the cloths are dyed in one colour only. Of course when the goods are fancy goods containing several colours they have to be woven from dyed yarns.
[Illustration: FIG. 18.--Dye-jiggers.]
[Illustration: FIG. 19.--Dye-jigger.]
The most common form of machine in which pieces are dyed is The Jigger, commonly called the jig. This is shown in Figs. 18 and 19. It consists of a dye-vessel made sufficiently long to take the piece full width--wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. At the top at each side is placed a large winding roller on which the cloth is wound. At the bottom of the jig is placed a guide roller round which passes the cloth.
In some makes of jigs (Fig. 19) there are two guide rollers at the bottom and one at the top, as shown in the illustration, so that the cloth passes several times through the dye-liquor. In working, the cloth is first wound on one of the rollers, then threaded through the guide rollers and attached to the other winding roller. When this is done dye-liquor is run into the jig, the gearing set in motion, and the cloth wound from the full on to the empty roller. With the object of keeping the piece tight, a heavy press roller is arranged to bear on the cloth on the full roller. When all the cloth has passed from one roller to the other it is said to have been given "one end". The direction of motion is now changed, and the cloth sent in the opposite direction through the jig, and the piece has now received another "end". This alternation from one roller to the other is continued as long as is deemed necessary, much depending on the depth of colour which is being dyed--some pale shades may only take two or three ends, deeper shades may take more.
When dyeing wool with acid colours which are all absorbed from the dye-liquor, or the bath is exhausted, it is a good plan to run the pieces several more ends so as to ensure thorough fixation of the dye on the cloth.
It is not advisable in working these jigs to add the whole of the dye to the liquor at the commencement, but only a part of it; then when one end is given, another portion of the dye may be added; such portions being always in the form of solution. Adding dyes in powder form inevitably leads to the production of colour specks on the finished goods. The reason for thus adding the dye-stuff in portions is that with some dyes the affinity for the fibre is so great that if all were added at once it would all be absorbed before the cloth had been given one end; and, further, the cloth would be very deep at the front end, while it would shade off to no colour at the other end. By adding the dye in portions this difficulty is overcome and more level shades are obtained; it is met with in all cases of jigger dyeing, but it is most common in dyeing cotton or wool with basic dyes like magenta, auramine, methyl violet or brilliant green, and in dyeing wool with acid dyes like acid green, formyl violets, azo scarlet, or acid yellow.
Some attempts have been made to make jiggers automatic in their reversing action, but they have not been successful; owing to the greatly varying conditions of length of pieces, their thickness, etc., which have to be dyed, and it is next to impossible to make all allowances for such varying conditions.
[Illustration: FIG. 20--Jig Wince.]
[Illustration: FIG. 21.--Cloth-dyeing Machine.]
=The Jig Wince or Wince Dye Beck.=--This dyeing machine is very largely used, particularly in the dyeing of woollen cloths. It is made by many makers, and varies somewhat in form accordingly. Figs. 20, 21 and 22, show three forms by different makers. In any make the jig wince, or wince dye beck, consists of a large rectangular, or, in some cases, hemicylindrical dye-vat. Probably the best shape would be to have a vat with one straight side at the front, and one curved side at the back. In some a small guide roller is fitted at the bottom, under which the pieces to be dyed pass. Steam pipes are provided for heating the dye-liquors. The becks should be fitted with a false bottom made of wood, perforated with holes, or of wooden lattice work, and below which the steam pipes are placed; the object being to prevent the pieces from coming in contact with the steam pipe, and so preventing the production of stains. Above the dye-vat, and towards the back, is the wince, a revolving skeleton wheel, which draws the pieces out of the dye-vat at the front, and delivers them into it again at the back. The construction of this wince is well shown in the drawings. The wince will take the pieces full breadth, but often they are somewhat folded, and so several pieces, four, five or six strings as they are called, can be dealt with at one time. In this case a guide rail is provided in the front part of the machine. In this rail are pegs which serve to keep the pieces of cloth separate, and so prevent entanglements. The pieces are stitched end to end so as to form an endless band. When running through the vat they fall down in folds at the back part of the beck, and are drawn out of the bottom and up in the front. Each part thus remains for some time in the dye-liquor, during which it necessarily takes up the dye.
[Illustration: FIG. 22.--Dye Beck.]
In the jig and wince dyeing machines the pieces necessarily are for a part of the time, longer in the case of the jigger than in that of the wince, out of the dye-liquor and exposed to the air. In the case of some dyes, indigo especially, this is not desirable, and yet it is advisable to run the cloth open for some time in the liquor, so as to get it thoroughly impregnated with the dye-liquor, or to become dyed.
This may be done on such a machine, as is shown in Fig. 24, page 79, but having all the guide rollers below the liquor, so that at no time is the piece out of the liquor, except, of course, when entering and leaving.
[Illustration: FIG. 23.--Holliday's Machine for Hawking Cloth.]
The so-called hawking machines have also this object in view, and Fig.
23 is an illustration of Holliday's hawking machine, made by Messrs.
Read Holliday & Sons, of Huddersfield. There is the dye-vat as usual; in this is suspended the drawing mechanism, whose construction is well shown in the drawing. This is a pair of rollers driven by suitable gearing, between which the cloth passes, and by which it is drawn through the machine. A small roller ensures the cloth properly leaving the large rollers; then there is a lattice-work arrangement over which the pieces are drawn. In actual work the whole of this arrangement is below the surface of the dye-liquor in the vat. The piece to be dyed is threaded through the machine, the ends stitched together. Then the arrangement is lowered into the dye-vat and set into motion, whereby the cloth is drawn continuously in the open form through the dye-liquor, this being done as long as experience shows to be necessary. This hawking machine will be found useful in dyeing indigo on cotton or wool, or in dyeing cotton cloths with such dyes as Immedial blacks, Cross-dye blacks, Amidazol blacks, Vidal blacks, where it is necessary to keep the goods below the surface of the dye-liquor during the operation.
[Illustration: FIG. 24.--Continuous Dyeing Machine.]
Fig. 24 shows a form of cloth-dyeing machine much used in the cotton trade. It consists of a number of compartments fitted with guide rollers at top and bottom, and round which the cloth is threaded, so that it passes up and down in the dye-liquor several times. Between each two compartments is a pair of squeezing rollers to press out all surplus liquors. All the compartments may be filled with the same dye-liquor, or with different dye-liquors and developing liquors, as may be most convenient and required for the work in hand. Such a machine is used in dyeing logwood black, aniline black, and many of the direct colours, etc.
From the direct colours a large number of light shades are dyed on to cotton cloth by the process known as padding; this consists in passing the cloth through a liquor containing the dye-stuff, usually a little phosphate of soda is added, then between squeezing rollers, and finally drying the cloth. For this process there is used what is called a padding machine. This is shown in Figs. 25 and 26.
[Illustration: FIG. 25.--Padding Machine.]
[Illustration: FIG. 26.--Padding Machine.]
It consists essentially of a trough, which contains two or more guide rollers, and in this is placed the padding liquor. Above the trough is fitted squeezing rollers, sometimes two as in Fig. 25, or three as in Fig. 26. Besides these, there are winding and beaming and other guide rollers. Fig. 25 shows the simplest padding machine, where the cloth passes once through the liquor and through the squeezing rollers. In Fig. 26 the cloth passes several times through the liquor and twice through the squeezing rollers, thus ensuring a more perfect impregnation of the cloth with the dye-liquor, and therefore a more uniform dyeing of the cloth.
CHAPTER IV.