=Perambakkam=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Hyder Ali overcame British, 1780.
=Petra=, Syria. 30N. 36E. Mentioned by Strabo and Pliny, and probably Sela of the Bible. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Whittier's '"The Rock" in El Ghor.')
=Petropavlovsk=, Kamtchatka. 53N. 159E. French and British allies engaged in naval battle with Russians under Muravieff, 1854.
=Phyeng-yang=, Korea. 39N. 126E. Japanese won a victory over Chinese, 1894. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
=Pinjaur=, Punjab. 31N. 77E. Besieged by Patiala, 1769; taken by Bourquin, 1793.
=Plassy=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Siraj-ud-Daula suffered great defeat at hands of Clive, 1757. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Pollanarrua=, Ceylon. 8N. 82E. Capital of Ceylon, 769; taken by Malabars, c. 1204.
=Pondicherri=, Madras. 12N. 80E. First French settlement, 1674; taken by Dutch, 1693; unsuccessfully besieged by Admiral Boscawen, 1748; taken by Eyre Coote, 1761; restored to French, 1763; recaptured by Sir Hector Monro, 1778; restored, 1783; retaken by British, 1793; finally restored to French, 1816.
=Poona=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Destroyed by Nizam Ali, 1763; captured by British, 1818.
=Port Arthur=, Manchuria. 39N. 121E. Fortified by Chinese, 1891; seized by Japanese, 1894; leased to Russia, 1898; besieged during Russo-Japanese War, 1904; surrendered to Japanese, 1905. (See Diosy's 'New Far East.')
=Porto Novo=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Occupied by Danes and English, 1682; Sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali, 1781; ceded to British by Dutch, 1823.
(See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Pratapgarh=, Bombay. 18N. 74E. Res. of Sivaji, and scene of his murder of Afzal Khan, 1659.
=Priene=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. One of twelve cities of Ionian League, supposed to have been f. by aepytus. Bp. of Bias and Achelaus.
=Prome=, Burma. 19N. 95E. Captured by British, 1825, 1852; partially destroyed by fire, 1856.
=Pulicat=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Occupied by Dutch, 1609; conquered by British, 1781; ceded to Dutch, 1818; to British, 1825.
=Punna=, Rajputana. 25N. 80E. Besieged by Sikander Lodi, 1494; taken by Ram Chandra Deo, 1563. Here Pran Nath is held sacred, and his tomb exists.
=Puri=, Bengal. 20N. 86E. Contained Gold Tooth of the Buddha for many centuries; now famous for the temple of Vishnu in his incarnation of Juggernaut.
=Quilon=, Madras. 9N. 77E. Visited by Marco Polo; Portuguese residents defeated by Dutch, 1662.
=Radhanagar=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Ram Mohan Rai, first writer of Bengali prose.
=Rahun=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Believed to have been f. by Rajah Raghab. Taken by Tara Singh, 1759.
=Rajgir=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Visited by Fa Hian and Hiuen Tsiang.
Identified with Rajagriha, res. of Buddha. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia.')
=Rajpur= ('the royal town'), United Provs. 30N. 78E. Scene of story entitled 'The Potter's Thumb,' by Mrs. Flora Annie Steel.
=Ramleh=, Syria. 32N. 35E. Visited by W. M. Thomson, and described in 'The Land and the Book.' (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
=Ramnad=, Madras. 9N. 79E. Captured by British, 1772.
=Ramnagar=, Punjab. 32N. 74E. Besieged by Ranjit Singh, 1795; Lord Gough defeated Sikhs, 1848.
=Rangoon= ('the end of the war'), Burma. 17N. 96E. F. as Dagon, c. 588 B.C.; rebuilt by Alompra, 1755; captured by British, 1824, 1852. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
=Ranibennur=, Bombay. 15N. 76E. Seized by Colonel Wellesley, 1800; occupied by British, 1818.
=Rattihalli=, Bombay. 14N. 76E. Defeat of Hyder Ali by Mahrattas, 1764.
=Rawal Pindi=, Punjab. 34N. 73E. Scene of surrender of Sikhs after Sir Hugh Gough's defeat at Gujrat, 1849.
=Rhodes=, Asia Minor. 36N. 28E. F. in 408 B.C. Citizens massacred by Cassius, 42 B.C.; held by knights of St. John of Jerusalem, 1309; besieged by Mohammed II., 1480; taken by Solyman the Magnificent, 1522.
Bp. of Panaetius, Stratocles, Andronicus, Eudemus, Hieronymus, Pisander, Simmias, and Aristides. Res. of Apollonius Rhodius and Posidionius. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
=Rohanked=, Berar. 21N. 76E. Nasir Khan defeated, 1437; Jamal Khan here slain in battle, 1590.
=Rohtak=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Scene of murder of Kai Khusru, c. 1286; besieged by Khizr Khan, 1410.
=Rungpur= ('abode of bliss'), Bengal. 26N. 89E. Alleged res. of Rajah Bhagadatta. Taken by British, 1765.
=Sabraon=, Punjab. 31N. 75E. First Sikh War ended by Sir Hugh Gough's defeat of Sikhs, 1846. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Safed=, Palestine. 33N. 36E. Believed by Jews Messiah will make city his capital. Scene of siege of Holophernes and murder of Judith. Bp. of Tobias. Castle f. by Christians, 1140; taken by Saladin, 1189; destroyed by Sultan of Damascus, 1220; rebuilt by Templars, 1240; destroyed by Bibars of Egypt, 1266. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
=Sagandari=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Bp. of Madhu Sudan Datta, writer of 'Meghanad-Badh' and 'Krishna Kumari.'
=Saigon=, Cochin-China. 11N. 107E. Captured by French, 1858. (See Little's 'Far East.')
=St. Thome=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Suburb of Madras; scene of victory of French under Paradis over Maphuz Khan, 1746. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Salem=, Madras. 12N. 78E. Seized by British, 1768; ceded to British by treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.
=Samana=, Punjab. 30N. 76E. Conquered by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192; by Banda Bairagi, 1708.
=Samaria=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Omri, 912 B.C.; captured by Sargon, 722 B.C.; by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C.; by Antiochus the Great, 203 B.C.; by John Hyrcanus, 120 B.C.; given by Augustus to Herod the Great.
=Samarkand=, Turkestan. 40N. 67E. Bp. of Nidhami-i-Arudi, author of 'Chahar Maqala.' Ancient city destroyed by Alexander the Great, 329 B.C.; conquered by Kotaiba ibn Moslim, 711; by Genghis Khan, 1220; by Amir of Bokhara, 1504; by Russians, 1868. Contains mosque of Shah-Zindeh, and tomb of Tamerlane. Bp. of Aboul-Mansour-Matoudiri. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
=Sambhal=, United Provs. 29N. 79E. Bp. of Amir Khan.
=Samiaveram=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Occupied by Clive, 1752.
=Samsat=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 39E. Bp. of Bishop Paul of Samosata and of Lucian.
=Sana=, Arabia. 15N. 45E. Capital of Yemen, captured by Turks, 1872.
=San-de-pu=, Manchuria. 42N. 123E. Unsuccessfully attacked by Russians under General Grippenberg, 1904.