=Najibabad=, United Provs. 30N. 78E. F. by Najib-ud-dowlah, 1755.
Destroyed by Mahrattas, 1772.
=Nakhitchevan=, Asiatic Russia. 40N. 45E. Said to be oldest city in world, f. by Noah. Taken by Seljuk Sultan, 1064; ceded to Russia by Persia, 1828.
=Nandidrug=, Madras. 13N. 78E. Captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791.
=Nan-king= ('southern capital'), China. 32N. 119E. Treaty which ended Opium War signed, 1842; city taken by Taipings, 1853; by Imperialists, 1864. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Little's 'Far East.')
=Nannur=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Bp. of Chandidas, the poet.
=Narnaul=, Punjab. 28N. 76E. Said to have been f. by Rajah Launkarn, and to be bp. of Sher Shah.
=Nasik=, Bombay. 20N. 74E. Noted for Lena caves with Buddhistic sculptures. Here, according to the 'Ramayana,' Ravana carried away Siva, Rama's wife.
=Nazareth=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Res. of the Virgin Mary and of Christ; Church of Annunciation f., c. 1620. Town captured by Moslems, 1291; Junot vanquished combined army of Turks and Arabs, 1799. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
=Negapatam=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Conquered by Dutch, 1660; by British, 1781.
(See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
=Nehavend=, Persia. 34N. 48E. Great victory of Saracens which brought Persia under their sway, 641.
=Nellore=, Madras. 14N. 80E. Ancient fort of Sinhapur, 'the lion city;'
repulsed British, 1757.
=Nertchinsk=, Siberia. 52N. 117E. Treaty signed between Russians and Chinese, 1689. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')
=Nicaea= ('city of victory'), Asia Minor. 40N. 30E. F. by Antigonus, c. 316 B.C. Taken by Seljuks, 1078; by Crusaders, 1097; by the Osmanlis, 1326.
Bp. of historian Dion Cassius and astronomer Hipparchus. Council met, 325.
=Nicomedia=, Asiatic Turkey. 41N. 30E. F. by Nicomedes I., 264 B.C.; contains ruins of which Pliny the Younger boasted. Bp. of Arrian; res.
of Diocletian, and of Constantine who died here; scene of Hannibal's suicide.
=Nicosia=, Cyprus. 35N. 33E. Capital of Cyprus since time of Lusignan kings. Taken by Richard Coeur de Lion, 1191; besieged by Turks, 1570.
=Nikaria=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 26E. Island near which it is fabled Icarus met his death.
=Nikko= ('sun's brightness'), Japan. 37N. 140E. Contains tomb of Iyeyasu, 1617; and that of his grandson, Iyemitsu, slain while visiting tomb of Iyeyasu, 1650. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
=Nineveh=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. Said to have been f. c. 2680 B.C.; enlarged by Ninus, 1968 B.C. Conquered by Arbaces, 759 B.C.; by Nabopolassar, 625 B.C.; destroyed by Medes and Babylonians, c. 607 B.C.
Excavations by Botta, 1842; Layard, 1845; also by Hormuzd Rassam and George Smith. Tobit said to have died here. (See 'Apocrypha.')
=Ning-po= ('calm waves'), China. 30N. 121E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1522; Portuguese massacred, 1545; taken by British, 1842. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
=Nishapur=, Persia. 36N. 59E. Famous as bp. of Omar Khayyam, whose tomb is also here. Res. of Nidhami-i-Arudi.
=Nisib=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 38E. Turks defeated by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, 1839.
=Nisibin=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 41E. Captured by Parthians, 149 B.C.; by Lucullus, 68 B.C.; by Trajan, 116; by Lucius Verus, 165; given to Persians by Jovian, 363.
=Oki Shima=, Japan. 36N. 133E. An island off the west coast of Houdo, fully described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'
=Omsk=, Asiatic Russia. 55N. 74E. Capital of Akmolinsk. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')
=Ophir, Mount=, Malay Peninsula. 2N. 103E. Gold-producing mountain often identified with the Ophir of the Bible. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
=Opon=, Philippine Islands. 11N. 124E. Magellan killed here by natives, 1521.
=Ormuz=, Persia. 27N. 56E. Visited by Nearchus, 325 B.C. Captured by Albuquerque, 1507, 1514; by Shah Abbas and British, 1622. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
=Osaka=, Japan. 35N. 136E. F. by Rennio Shonin, 1495; captured by Hideyoshi, 1580; castle secured by Iyeyasu, 1615; burnt by Tokugawa retainers, 1868. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East,' Diosy's 'New Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
=Padang=, Sumatra. 1S. 100E. First Dutch settlement in Sumatra, 1666; captured by British, 1781; surrendered to Dutch, 1783; recaptured, 1794; yielded to Dutch, 1814.
=Padmanabham=, Madras. 18N. 83E. British defeated and killed Rajah of Vizianagram, 1794.
=Pakpatan= ('the holy ferry'), Punjab. 30N. 73E. Contains tomb of saint Farid-ul-Hakkwa-ud-din. Visited by Ibn Batuta; in subjection to Tamerlane, 1398.
=Palakkat=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Fort f. by Hyder Ali taken by British, 1768.
=Palembang=, Sumatra. 3S. 105E. Visited by Marco Polo, and contains an alleged tomb of Alexander the Great. Taken by British, 1812; by Dutch, 1821.
=Palmyra= ('city of palms'), Syria. 34N. 39E. Supposed to have been f. by Solomon; rebuilt by Hadrian, 130; Queen Zenobia conquered by Aurelian, 273; city taken by Arabs, 634; pillaged by Tamerlane, 1401. (See Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
=Pandavgarh=, Bombay. 18N. 74E. Seized by Sivaji, 1673; by Aurungzebe, 1701; by British, 1818.
=Pandharpur=, Bombay. 18N. 75E. Contains famous temple of Vishnu incarnation.
=Pandua=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Bp. of poet Bharat Chandra Rai. Contains tombs of Jalal-ud-din Tabrizi and of Mir Kutb Alam.
=Panipat=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Afghans under Ibrahim Lodi defeated by Mogols under Baber, 1526; Afghans under Hermu defeated by Akbar, 1556; Ahmed Shah conquered Mahrattas, 1761.
=Panjim=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. (See Sir Richard Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.')
=Paphos=, Cyprus. 35N. 32E. Scene of conversion of Sergius Paulus by Saint Paul. Famous for worship of Aphrodite and scene of story of Pygmalion.
=Pasargada=, Persia. 30N. 53E. Ancient capital of Persia; said to have been f. by Cyrus, c. 555 B.C. Alleged tomb of Cyrus in vicinity.
=Patan=, Baroda. 24N. 72E. F. by Vanarajah, c. 746. Conquered by Mahmoud of Ghazni, 1024; by Ulugh Khan, 1298. Contains many Jain temples and has fine collection of Jain MSS.
=Patna=, Bengal. 26N. 85E. Buddha said to have assisted in foundation of city; mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian; contains shrine of Shah Arzani. Entered by Clive, 1759; captured by Major Adam, 1761; massacre of British, 1763; conspiracy of Sepoys, 1857; of Wahabis, 1864.
=Pegu=, Burma. 18N. 96E. Destroyed by Alompra, 1757; occupied by British, 1852.
=Peking= ('the northern capital'), China. 40N. 116E. Seized by Ghengis Khan, 1215; res. of Kubla Khan, 1264; occupied by British and French, 1860; by British and Americans in Boxer rising, 1900. (See Little's 'Far East.')
=Penukonda=, Madras. 14N. 78E. Res. of Krishna Deva. Seized by Hyder Ali, 1762.