=Lonar=, Berar. 20N. 77E. Scene of struggle between Lonasur and an incarnation of Vishnu.
=Lucknow=, United Provs. 27N. 81E. Contains mausoleum of Asaf-ud-Daula.
Seized by Humayun, 1526; by Babar, 1528; native insurrection against British, 1857; recaptured by British, 1858. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'On the Face of the Waters,' Kipling's 'Kim.')
=Macao=, China. 22N. 114E. Portuguese bought right to settle here, 1557; Chinese barricaded it from rest of island, 1573; occupied by British, 1802, 1808; port declared free, 1846. Camoens res. here in exile, and wrote part of his 'Lusiad.'
=Madakasira=, Madras. 14N. 77E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1728; by Hyder Ali, 1762; by Morari Rao, 1764; recaptured by Hyder Ali, 1776.
=Madras=, Madras. 13N. 80E. British established here, 1639; besieged by Aurungzebe's general, 1702; by the Mahrattas, 1741; Fort George f. by Francis Day, 1744; taken by French, 1746; recovered by British, 1748; San Thome, Portuguese settlement, f. in 1504, annexed, 1749; unsuccessfully attacked by French under General Lally, 1758, 1759.
Cathedral of Saint Thome supposed to contain remains of Saint Thomas.
=Madura=, Madras, 10N. 78E. Taken by Malik Kafur, 1324; by Nawab of Carnatic, 1736; held by British for Mohammed Ali, 1764; ceded to British, 1801.
=Mahaban=, Bengal. 27N. 78E. Alleged scene of childhood of Krishna.
=Mahe=, Madras. 12N. 76E. Taken by French, 1722; by British, 1761, 1779, 1793; restored to French, 1815.
=Malatiyeh=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 38E. Khosros I. defeated by Romans, 577; taken by Bajazet, 1396; by Tamerlane, 1401. Polyeuctus martyred here; great massacre of Christians, 1895. (See Corneille's 'Polyeucte.')
=Mandalay=, Upper Burma. 22N. 96E. F. in 1859; became capital of Burma, 1878; occupied by British, 1885; partially destroyed by fire, 1892.
=Mandawar=, United Provs. 29N. 78E. Taken by Tamerlane, 1399; plundered by Amir Khan, 1805.
=Mangalore=, Madras. 13N. 75E. Visited by Ibn Batatu. Occupied by Portuguese, 1596; sustained terrible siege against Tippoo Sahib, 1782-3; taken by British, 1799.
=Manila=, Luzon. 15N. 121E. Capital of Philippine Islands; f. by Spaniard, Legazpi, 1571. Plundered by Chinese pirates, 1574; blockaded by Dutch, 1602; taken by British, 1762; Spanish fleet destroyed by Dewey off coast, 1898. Severe earthquakes, 1675, 1824, 1863.
=Manissa=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 27E. Ancient Magnesia, near which were supposed to be kingdom of Tantalulus, and scene of Niobe's sorrow.
Antiochus the Great defeated by Romans, 190 B.C.; city occupied by Osman Turks, 1398.
=Maraglak=, Persia. 37N. 46E. Contains tomb of Hulaka Khan, and remains of observatory built by him for the great astronomer, Nasr-ud-din of Tus.
=Masulipatam=, Madras. 16N. 81E. British settled here, 1611; successfully stormed by Colonel Forde, 1759. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
=Matsuye=, Japan. 36N. 133E. Former capital of Idzumo, and contains numerous temples. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')
=Mecca=, Arabia. 21N. 40E. Bp. of Mohammed, c. 570. Contains the Kaaba, said to be built by Abraham and Ishmael with help from Angel Gabriel.
Taken by Wahabis, 1803, 1807; by Mehemet Ali, 1813. (See Sir R. Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents' and 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
=Medina= ('the city'), Arabia. 25N. 40E. Sacred city of Islam, whence Mohammed fled from Mecca, 622; contains tomb supposed to hold remains of the prophet, his daughter Fatima, Abu Bekr, and Omar. Forbidden city to all not Mohammedans, but visited by Burckhardt, 1811; Burton, 1852. (See Sir R. Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents' and 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
=Meerut=, United Provs. 29N. 78E. Plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1017; by Tamerlane, 1399; taken by British, 1803; first outbreak of Indian Mutiny, 1857.
=Megiddo=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city of Syria. Mentioned in Bible as being fortified by Solomon; refuge of Ahaziah fleeing from Jehu, 843 B.C.; Necho overcame Josiah, c. 609 B.C.
=Menderes=, Asia Minor. 38N. 28E. Said to be ancient Scamander, flowing past Troy, and sung of by Homer.
=Merta=, Rajputana. 27N. 74E. F. by Duda, c. 1488. Captured by Akbar, 1562.
=Merv=, Turkestan. 38N. 62E. Colonised by Alexander the Great, occupied by Arabs, 666; taken by Mongols, 1221; by Bokharians from Persians, 1787; occupied by Tekke-Turkomans, 1856; under Russian authority, 1884.
=Meshed=, Persia. 36N. 59E. Contains magnificent mausoleum of Imam Riza and Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid.
=Meshed Ali=, Asiatic Turkey. 32N. 44E. Contains tomb of Ali.
=Miana=, Persia. 37N. 47E. The French traveller, Thevenot, died here, 1667.
=Miani=, Sind. 26N. 68E. Sir Charles Napier twice defeated Mohammedan emirs, 1843.
=Michmash=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Mentioned by Josephus and Eusebius, and in the Old Testament as the camping-place of the Philistines in the early part of reign of Saul.
=Midagesidurga=, Madras. 14N. 77E. Seized by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1767; by Tippoo Sahib, 1774.
=Miletus=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Cyrus defeated, 548 B.C.; city destroyed by Persians, 494 B.C. Res. of St. Paul for several days. Bp. of historians Cadmus and Hecataeus, philosophers Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes; also of poet Timothy, of Aristides, aeschines, and Aspasia.
=Mionoseki=, Japan. 36N. 132E. Described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'
=Mityleni=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 27E. Rebellion crushed by Athenians, 428 B.C.; ceded to Genoese family, 1355; taken by Mohammed II., 1462; unsuccessful rebellion against Turks, 1468; Venetian naval victories over Turks, 1690, 1698; Greek victory, 1821. Bp. of Sappho, Alcaeus, Terpander, and Theophrastus; place of retirement of Agrippa.
=Monghyr=, Bengal. 25N. 86E. Taken by Mohammedans, 1195; became res. of Todar Mal, 1590; taken by British from Nawab Mir Kasim, 1763.
=Mosul=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. Taken by Moslems, 636; stormed by Saladin, 1182; occupied by Persians, 1623; unsuccessfully besieged by Nadir Shah, 1741.
=Mukden=, Manchuria. 42N. 124E. Contains relics of Nurhachu, and near town is his tomb. Boxer outbreak, 1900; in Russo-Japanese War, Russians defeated and Japanese occupied Mukden, 1905. (See Pere Amiot for French translation of Emperor K'ien Lung's poem 'En Mukden.')
=Multan=, Punjab. 30N. 71E. Contains tombs of Rukn-i-Alam, Bhawal Hakk and Shams-i-Tabriz. Mahmud of Ghazni took it, 1005; Ranjit Singh, 1818; British, in Sikh War, 1849.
=Murshidabad=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Contains tomb of Jagath Singh. Last Mohammedan capital of Bengal; plundered by Mahrattas, 1742; entered by Clive, 1757; Warren Hastings removed civil and criminal courts to Calcutta, 1772.
=Muscat=, Arabia. 24N. 59E. Occupied by Albuquerque, 1507; besieged by Imam of Oman, 1648; Portuguese expelled by Oman, 1650.
=Mush=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 42E. Turks massacred Armenians, 1894. Visited by Xenophon, and supposed burial-place of Moses of Chorene.
=Muttra=, United Provs. 27N. 78E. Contains ruins of Jey Singh's observatory and of Akbar's fort. Supposed bp. of Krishna, whose childhood was spent here, and Balarama. Pillaged by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1017; taken by British, 1803; Sepoys murdered British officers, 1857.
=Nabadwip=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Chaitanya, supposed to be incarnation of Krishna; res. of Nityananda, Vasudeb, and Raghumath.
=Nabulus=, Palestine. 32N. 33E. On site of ancient Shechem mentioned in biblical history; later was rebuilt as Neapolis by Vespasian. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
=Nagar= ('the city'), Madras. 14N. 75E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1763; taken by British, 1783.
=Nagasaki=, Japan. 33N. 130E. Scene of Pierre Loti's 'Madame Chrysantheme.' (See also Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea,' Little's 'Far East.')
=Nagpur= ('town of serpents'), Central Provs. 21N. 79E. Former capital of Mahratta principality, crushed by British, 1817.
=Nain=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Scene of Christ's miracle of raising from the dead the widow's son. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress.')