Astoundingly, both candidates have changed their positions to fit the polls. Tweedledum is flexible or responsive, naturally, but Tweedledee waffles on the issues.
Both have failed to live up to previous campaign promises. Your guy has moderated his expectations, while the opponent has fallen short. Your candidate acknowledges a weakness while the other admits to one. You get the idea.
Even a change in word order can affect your tone. Let's say both candidates have a history of stiffing their creditors. Tweedledum may once have declared bankruptcy, but he now practices fiscal responsibility. Tweedledee may now practice fiscal responsibility, but he once declared bankruptcy. Saying the same thing from a different perspective can convey a different tone, subtly or not so subtly.
Politicians, not to mention lobbyists, advertisers, and anyone else trying to persuade, regularly manipulate facts to achieve a particular tone. Is this fair? Well, I'd like to say that the material should decide the tone, not the other way around. But to some extent all writers manipulate the facts, simply by the choices they make in presenting their material.
Unless you have an ax to grind, be as honest as you can with readers. Try to let your tone emerge naturally from your content. When material that's supposed to be straightforward is manipulated to create a certain effect, the writing can sound strained and artificial.
All writing has an attitude. Make sure yours is right for your material.
21. Wimping Out.
THE BACKWARD WRITER.
Indirect writing is a limp handshake with the reader. It's speaking out of the corner of your mouth. It's refusing to look the reader in the eye. It's weak, evasive, and dishonest, and in some fields-business, politics, public relations, advertising-it's a skill that's been elevated to an art.
People say things indirectly for many reasons. Some think a simple idea is more impressive if it sounds complicated. Some express themselves in a convoluted way because they think it's required of them. Some like to sugar-coat unpalatable facts. Some are covering up holes in their arguments. Some don't want to tell the whole truth. Some are timid. And some simply don't know how to be direct.
What do these roundabout writers do instead? They back into their statements, they pile on jargon or obfuscatory words (obfuscatory is one), or they use passive verbs. They bob and weave but never land a punch.
Take a simple, direct sentence like Cyril shot Sir Cedric. You can't get more up-front than that. It says who did what, and to whom. But a writer who wants to avoid mentioning the guilty party (Cyril's defense attorney, perhaps) might use a passive verb: Sir Cedric was shot. Someone who doesn't want to be specific (a police detective, for instance) could use officialese: Sir Cedric was the victim of a homicide. The bureaucrat who likes to water things down might use a weak noun instead of a strong verb: A shooting took place. And a truly evasive writer could score a hat trick by using all these methods at once: Sir Cedric's shooting is being treated as a homicide.
Notice how tame and bloodless those sentences sound compared with the original. Sir Cedric was shot, all right, but not by anybody in particular. The culprit, if there is one, has left the building.
The difference between direct and indirect writing is the difference between witnessing the murder and finding the body. Get to know indirect writing when you see it, and root it out of your own work. Now for a closer look at some of the guises indirect writing can take.
No Officialese, Please.
A lot of people, among them bureaucrats and academics, are fond of what my grandfather referred to as"two-dollar words." These indirect writers use inflated language- otherwise known as bureaucratese, officialese, academese, or jargon-to avoid saying something unpleasant, perhaps to make themselves sound important, or to cloak a weak argument in what Churchill called "terminological inexactitude."
You know the old maxim "If you can't say something nice, don't say anything at all"? Evasive writers can usually find a way to say something unpleasant without coming right out with it. They'd rather not say anything, but if forced to make a statement they'll back into it by using officialese.
A spokesman for a toxic-waste refinery says, Twelve fatalities occurred, not Twelve people died. As your plane sits on the runway, the pilot announces, We are experiencing difficulty in identifying the cause of the malfunction, not We don't know what's wrong.
Jargon is also handy for dressing up a simple idea. A literary critic who likes to put on airs might praise an author's unique enunciatory modality instead of her originality. A dogcatcher who wants to sound important might call himself a canine control coordinator.
Unless you have a good reason to be evasive, avoid officialese. For one thing, when you're fudging you use up more words; that's reason enough to be direct. For another, pompous, bureaucratic writing can make you sound dishonest even when you're not. (You'll find more on jargon in chapter 6.)
Noun Proliferation.
A wishy-washy writer uses weak nouns (like destruction) instead of strong verbs (like destroy). The wimp writes, The storm resulted in the destruction of the building, instead of The storm destroyed the building.
If you sense something soft and mushy in your writing, check for a verb that's been nouned. There's no better way to blunt the force of a verb. Make it: Trollope wrote the book in six months. Not: The writing of the book took Trollope six months. Make it: Judge Crater disappeared mysteriously. Not: Judge Crater's disappearance was mysterious.
Wimpy nouns are creeping into all kinds of writing. Don't let them creep into yours.
Passive-Aggressive.
There's no getting away from anemic writing. We hear it routinely on the evening news. When a big shot in an expensive suit acknowledges that mistakes were made instead of confessing, I made mistakes, he's being indirect. There's no guilty party, just a vacant chair.
That kind of indirect writing-the passive variety-is easy to spot. It reverses the usual order of subject (I), verb (made), object (mistakes), so that we get the object first, elevated to a subject (mistakes), followed by a passive verb (were made). What's missing is the "real" subject, the responsible party. Pretty neat, huh?
When we state the case directly, we put the blame where it belongs. When we use a passive verb to disguise the true subject, the culprit gets off scot-free. This is why a passive verb can be the next best thing to a lie. Technically you're telling the truth, though backhandedly. But you're concealing an important piece of information: whodunit. (Granted, that's sometimes the intent.) Some writers, called on to choose between an active verb and a passive, will choose the passive every time. They'll write, It is believed that..., instead of saying who believes it, or He's been called a..., instead of saying who called him one. Cowards! Maybe a writer who can't or won't identify the real subject shouldn't say anything at all.
Of course, writing backward is not inherently evil. Overboard let us not go. You might have good reason to use a passive verb if (1) you don't want to say who's responsible, (2) you don't know, (3) it's not important, or (4) you're saving a surprise for the end. Some examples: An irregularity has been brought to my attention. You'd rather not say who snitched.
Brussels is said to be dull. You can't cite an authority.
Cyril was handcuffed and led away. Obviously, the cops put on the cuffs.
Lefty was strangled with his own suspenders. The weapon is the surprise.
But try not to use passive verbs if you don't need to. There's an element of accountability in an active verb that's often lacking in a passive one. An active verb makes somebody or something responsible for an action. So don't weasel into a sentence from the wrong end. Examine your writing and change passive verbs into active ones where you can. You'll sound more authoritative, less mealy-mouthed. Besides, it's a more responsible way to write.
When you write indirectly-with passive verbs, pompous words, or corkscrew sentences-you turn away from the reader. (Another kind of evasion, the back-door denial, is discussed in chapter 27.) If you have nothing to hide, don't chicken out. When you have something to say, look the reader in the eye and say it.
22. Everybody's Favorite Subject.
I, ME, MY.
There's an old gag about a guy who rattles on and on about himself, oblivious of anyone else's existence. "But enough about me," he finally says. "What do you think of my hair weave?"
Everybody knows that blowhard, or someone like him. And that may be why many of us find it hard to write in the first person. We cringe at the thought of coming across as vain or boastful, especially if we're self-conscious to begin with. We imagine weary readers drumming their fingers, rolling their eyes, checking the clock, and thinking, "What an ego!"
Meanwhile, just as many of us find it easy, much too easy, to use the first person. We bask in the warmth of our own regard. Our favorite pronouns are I, me, and my. Hey, there's enough of Number One to go around, isn't there? Why not be generous? Here's looking at me, kid.
I used to belong to the first group, the shy ones (no wisecracks, please). I wasn't always the self-assured extrovert you see before you. It took me years to feel comfortable in the first person. In fact, I still get a twinge every once in a while (like now), wondering whether I'm being too my-opic.
Song of Myself.
If you're one of the shy ones, be brave. Give yourself permission to come onstage and write in the first person. It's intimate. It lets you speak to the reader one-on-one. Best of all, the first person lets you write about the subject you know best-you.
If you're writing a memoir, an autobiography, or a letter, you'll naturally want to speak for yourself. And fiction writers, too, as we'll see, quite often choose the first person. But many other kinds of prose-speeches, reports, essays, reviews, to name a few-may lend themselves to the personal touch as well. Some things simply work better in the first person, like this scathing rejection of Proust's Remembrance of Things Past: "I may perhaps be dead from the neck up, but rack my brains as I may I can't see why a chap should need thirty pages to describe how he turns over in bed before going to sleep."
Whether or not you agree with the sentiment, you have to admit that the French editor who wrote it was right to choose the first person. By all means use it when there's a reason-to sharpen a barb, to soften a blow, to take responsibility for a statement, to get personal with the reader.
But if you're hooked on the first person and can't produce a sentence without yourself in it, you have a problem. Don't let the air out of your ego just yet, though. You'll need it later. Step back a few paces. Think of your readers. Do they need your opinion, or can the facts stand on their own? Is your presence helping, or is it an obstacle that readers must navigate around? Be honest. This calls for a cold eye. Since it's always easier to be ruthless with somebody else's writing, be critical as you imagine sitting through this speech: As I stand here today, I thank you for offering me the grave challenge of addressing this graduating class on the future of our youth in America. I profoundly believe, and history will no doubt bear me out, that the youngsters of today will be the adults of tomorrow. But I ask myself this question: Will there be a tomorrow? I am of the opinion, and I'm sure you will agree with me, that only America's youth can answer my question. As you decide whether to cast your lot with the past or the future, remember the words I have spoken here: The day after today, as I see it, is just another way of saying tomorrow.
Now imagine that same speech, but with less of the speaker in it: Thank you for offering me the grave challenge of addressing this graduating class on the future of youth in America. History will show that the youngsters of today will be the adults of tomorrow. But will there be a tomorrow? Only America's youth can answer that. As you decide whether to cast your lot with the past or the future, remember that the day after today is just another way of saying tomorrow.
Well, it's still empty twaddle, but at least it's less self-important. One problem at a time. By weeding out unnecessary first-person singulars (I, me, my, mine, myself), we let readers know that we're thinking more of them and less of ourselves.
I'm Out of Here.
Deciding where you belong-onstage or behind the scenes-isn't always simple. When does a travel article become an ego trip? A modest proposal, an advertisement for myself ? You may be happy to learn that in many kinds of writing, the decision isn't up to you.
Where objectivity-or at least the appearance of it-is important, the first person is discouraged or greatly restricted. This is especially true with newspapers and newsmagazines. A reporter covering hard news (a coup d'etat, say, or a vote in Congress) is supposed to remain in the background and let the facts speak for themselves. Even the occasional personal comment is often given in the third person: This correspondent heard heavy artillery or Heavy artillery was heard, instead of I heard heavy artillery.
Manipulative writers, however, can slant the news without resorting to the first person. In fact, they'll avoid it like the plague. Why get personal and alert readers that opinions are coming? There goes the illusion of impartiality. A few first-person intrusions would tip off even the sleepiest reader: The House of Representatives voted unanimously today to increase salaries of members of Congress by 75 percent. I can't wait to see the polls. The bill's sponsors mustered bipartisan support for the measure. I'll just bet they did! Sponsors argued-this slays me-that existing salary levels might prohibit all but the wealthy from running for office. Tell me another one.
Okay, that's an exaggerated example. The point is that first-person writing is generally frowned on in the news pages (though not in columns, reviews, features, and analyses).
Other places where I, me, and my aren't always welcome include scientific and academic journals and corporate and government reports. For the most part, such writing is deliberately impersonal, even if that makes it dry and indirect.
My husband once helped a French scientist translate a research paper into English. It emerged so clear, simple, and direct that no scientific journal wanted it. The paper had to be rewritten in formal academese-dense, impersonal, and indirect-before it could be published.
Here are some of the ways scientists make I disappear: *They use one instead: Subtracting the magnetic moment of the neutron from that of the proton, one observes that the Heisenberg principle is an inverse function of the Planck effect.
* They use we: The equation changes when we expand this definition to include Bohr's hypothesis.
* They replace I with the author: In this study, the author has attempted to show that magnetic moment bears an occipital relationship to acceleration squared.
* They use a passive verb: As will be demonstrated, chaos theory undermines the dynamics of the Lorentz measurements.
You don't like this kind of writing? Well, I don't either. My instincts tell me to avoid indirect writing, but the choice isn't always up to me. And it won't always be up to you. What's the lesson? If readers want impersonal, give them impersonal. Hold your nose if you must, but accept that the audience you're writing for is always right.
If you have to be impersonal but you don't want to sound dry and remote, try this. Write a rough draft in the first person, then go through and take out every I, me, and my. You may have to tinker here and there, but it's worth the trouble. By the way, those first three methods scientists use to avoid I and company aren't quite as bloodless as the fourth, where there's nobody in the picture at all.
To be fair, the first person is often inappropriate in a formal academic paper, and not just because of its informal tone. I, me, and my can make an argument look weaker, as if it's based on opinion instead of evidence: In my judgment, Abelard is not a tragic figure. It appears to me that he is one more example of the irresponsible clergyman. By seducing Heloise, fathering a son, and secretly marrying her, I believe, he determined his own fate. I think that's why he is remembered today more for his love letters than for his theological writings.
If you write like that, hedging your bets, you'll sound as though you don't have confidence in your argument. When you have a case you believe in, don't emasculate it.
Some Facts about Fiction.
Fiction writers are often more comfortable, more themselves, in the first person. Beginners seem to find it natural to write in the voice of a character. But they're not alone. Some of literature's greatest novels have first-person narrators: Jane Eyre ("Reader, I married him"), Great Expectations ("The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down, and emptied my pockets"), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ("I felt so lonesome I most wished I was dead"), Moby-Dick ("When I go to sea, I go as a simple sailor").
Be warned, though. Using the first person may be the easiest way to begin a work of fiction and the hardest way to finish one. Limiting yourself to one character's point of view can make it difficult to be everywhere you want to be and say everything you want to say.
A first-person narrator can't see around corners or through walls; only an omniscient narrator (one who's all-knowing and all-seeing) can. An individual character can't know other characters thoughts; only an omniscient narrator can. If what you're writing requires godlike knowledge of everything and everyone, the first person won't work.
Say you're planning a story about a young couple's visit to the obstetrician, and you want to write it entirely from the husband's point of view. If he's in the waiting room while the doctor and the patient are in the examining room, you can't very well describe the doctor listening through the stethoscope-unless you're writing science fiction and the prospective dad has X-ray vision.
An extremely skilled novelist, however, can write in the first person and still tell the reader things the narrator doesn't know. I'm thinking of Kazuo Ishiguro's The Remains of the Day, a novel seen through the eyes of a butler with blinkered vision. The narrator himself is unaware of the emotional and political turmoil around him, but through him the reader sees what he doesn't.
In one episode, Stevens, the butler, reminisces about Lord Darlington, the nobleman he devotedly served for thirty-five years, and about the importance of well-polished silver in the running of a great household. "I am glad to be able to recall numerous occasions when the silver at Darlington Hall had a pleasing impact upon observers," he says.
As he talks about the silver, we learn little by little that something much more serious was happening at Darlington Hall back in the 1930's-a meeting between a British Cabinet minister, Lord Halifax, and a Nazi diplomat, Herr Ribbentrop.
"But then at one point I overheard Lord Halifax exclaiming: 'My goodness, Darlington, the silver in this house is a delight. I was of course very pleased to hear this at the time, but what was for me the truly satisfying corollary to this episode came two or three days later, when Lord Darlington remarked to me: 'By the way, Stevens, Lord Halifax was jolly impressed with the silver the other night. Put him into a quite different frame of mind altogether.' These were-I recollect it clearly-his lordship's actual words and so it is not simply my fantasy that the state of the silver had made a small, but significant contribution towards the easing of relations between Lord Halifax and Herr Ribbentrop that evening."
The unwitting narrator sees only the world reflected in his exquisitely polished silver. But between the lines, readers learn that his adored employer, Lord Darlington, has been secretly furthering Hitler's cause among leading figures in the British government.
Not all writers can pull that off. If you'd like to try, read as much first-person fiction as you can, and pay attention to what's going on. Some wonderful first-person writing is layered and complex, like the passage above, and some is more straightforward. But all of it has a feeling of inevitability, as though it couldn't have been written in any other way. It's hard to imagine Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man, the story of a young black man's struggle for identity, in anything but the first person: "I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids-and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me."
That feeling of alienation, of barely suppressed anguish, wouldn't come across if the passage had been written in the third person. See for yourself. Try replacing every I with a he. Do the same thing when you have doubts about your own writing. Strip each I, me, and my from an important passage. If it collapses, the first person is the right choice. If your presence isn't called for, get out.