Type lines are often bulked out by the insertion of thin strips of lead, this being called _leading_. Where no leads are employed the matter is said to be _solid_.
III. THE TERMS USED IN PRINTING
COMPOSITION. This is the name given by printers to the work of setting the type. The compositor holds in his hand a _composing-stick_, into which he places the type letter by letter, adding the spaces where necessary. A great deal of the newspaper work of the present day is set by type machines.
DISTRIBUTING. The type of a particular page or article after it has been used on the press or for electrotyping is distributed letter by letter in the _cases_. This work is much more rapid than composition.
Type to be used a second time is said to be _standing_ or is called _standing matter_.
SPACES. Spaces are short blank types and are used to separate one word from another. To enable a compositor to space evenly and to "justify"
properly, these spaces are cast to various thicknesses. An _em quadrat_ is a short blank type, in thickness equal to the letter _m_ of the font to which it belongs. Quadrats are of various sizes.
CALENDERED PAPER. This name is given to very highly rolled or glazed paper such as is used in illustrated work. _Laid_ paper has a slightly ribbed surface. _Antique_ paper is rough and usually untrimmed at the edges. It is made in imitation of old styles.
CAPS. and LOWER-CASE. These names are used to designate capitals and small letters.
CLARENDON. This name is commonly given to a _bold_ and _black-faced type_, such as used in text-books to bring out prominently particular words.
DUMMY. An imitation in style and size of a book or pamphlet that is wanted, usually made up with blank paper.
ELECTROTYPE. Electrotype or stereotype plates are made from type.
Books are usually printed from such plates.
GALLEY PROOF. As the type is set up it is removed from the composing-stick to long forms called _galleys_. A proof taken of the whole galley at once is called a _galley proof_. Book work should be revised in galleys before it is made up into pages.
IMPRESSION. A _flat-pull_ or first impression is a simple proof usually pulled in job offices by laying a sheet of damp paper on the inked type and pounding with a flat-surfaced weight to get the impression.
INDENT. To set a line some distance forward, as in the case of a new paragraph.
LETTERPRESS. Printed matter from type as distinguished from plate printing.
MAKE-UP. To measure off type matter into pages.
OFF-SET. It frequently occurs that as the result of insufficient drying or from other causes the impression of one sheet appears on the back of another; such work is said to _off-set_.
OVERLAYS. In making ready for the press the pressman finds it necessary to add here and there, by pasting, thicknesses of paper to his roller to bring out properly the light and shade of an illustration or to get an even ink impression from the type or plates. This work is called _making overlays_. In expensive illustrated work specialists are engaged solely for the purpose of making overlays.
PRESS PROOF. The final proof passed by the author or publisher.
PROCESS-BLOCKS. Blocks produced by the photoengraving and other mechanical processes.
QUERY. A mark made on a proof by the printer to call attention to a possible error, sometimes expressed by a note of interrogation (?).
REGISTER. The exact adjustment of pages back to back in printing the second side of a sheet.
SIGNATURE. The letter or figure at the foot of a sheet to guide the binder in folding; also used by printers to identify any particular sheet.
The various marks and signs used by printers will be explained in the lesson on proof-reading.
IV. MARKS USED IN PROOF-READING
The most important of the signs used in making corrections for the printer are as follows:
1. [Illustration] Delete or expunge.
2. [Illustration] A turned letter.
3. [Illustration] Wrong-font letter.
4. [Illustration] Change capital to small letter, ("lower-case").
5. [Illustration] Insert period.
6. [Illustration] Transpose words or letters as indicated.
7. [Illustration] Change roman to _italic_.
8. [Illustration] Change _italic_ to roman.
9. [Illustration] Space to be inserted.
10. [Illustration] Matter wrongly altered to remain as it was originally. Dots are placed under the matter.
11. [Illustration] A bad or battered letter.
12. [Illustration] Space to be reduced.
13. [Illustration] Close up.
14. [Illustration] Push down space or lead.
15. [Illustration] New paragraph.
16. [Illustration] Something foreign between the lines, or a wrong-font space making the type crooked.
17. [Illustration] Line to be indented one _em_ of its own body.
When letters or words are set double or are required to be taken out a line is drawn through the superfluous word or letter and the mark No.
1, called _dele_, placed opposite on the margin. (_Dele_ is Latin for _take out_.)
A turned letter is noted by drawing a line through it and writing the mark No. 2 on the margin.
If letters or words require to be altered to make them more conspicuous a parallel line or lines must be made underneath the word or letter--namely, for capitals, _three lines_; for small capitals, _two lines_; and for italic, _one line_; and on the margin opposite the line where the alteration occurs the sign _caps._, _small caps._, or _ital._ must be written.
Where a letter of a different font is improperly introduced into the page it is noted by drawing a line through it and writing _w. f._ (_wrong font_) on the margin.
Where a word has been left out or is to be added a _caret_ must be made in the place where it should come in and the word written on the margin. A caret is made thus: ^