[772] Strabo, p. 552.
[773] Strabo, p. 20, 149, 573.
[A] Strabo, p. 61.
[774] Strabo, pp. 627, 647, 61. That in this passage, where Madys is mentioned a second time with the epithet: the Cimmerian, [Greek: Skythes] must be read instead of Madys, as Madys has been mentioned just before, is self-evident.
[775] Thuc. 2, 96; Strabo, p. 59; Theopomp (Fragm. 313, ed. Muller) call them Trares.
[776] Herod. 1, 6; Plut. "Marius," 11.
[777] Justin. 2, 4.
[778] Strabo, p. 545; Euseb. "Chron." ann., 1260; Syncell. p. 401, ed.
Dind. Cf. Xenophon, "Anab." 4, 8; Steph. Byzant. [Greek: Trapezous].
[779] Orosius, 1, 21: "Anno ante urbem conditam tricesimo" (Orosius follows the Catonian era), "tunc etiam Amazonum gentis et Cimmeriorum in Asiam repentinus incursus plurimam diu lateque vastationem et stragem edidit." Grote ("History of Greece," 3, 334) objects that if this statement is allowed to hold good for the Cimmerians, we are justified in making the same conclusions for the Amazons, who would thus become historical. The Amazons are connected with the Cimmerians because the land round Sinope was the abode of the Cimmerians, and it was in this place that the Amazons were said to have dwelt. I too should be inclined to give the less weight to the testimony of Orosius, as the number 30 may be a corruption for 300. But the other evidence given is enough to prove that the Cimmerians immigrated into Asia Minor in the period between 750 and 700 B.C., and settled round the Halys at the mouth of the river.
[780] Above, p. 517.
[781] Menant, "Annal." p. 242; G. Smith, "Assurbanipal," pp. 64-72.
[782] Syncell. "Chron." p. 49; Kiepert, "Monatsber. Berl. Akad." 1859, p. 204.
[783] Perrot, "Explor. Archeol. de la Galatie," pp. 339, 340, 371.
[784] H. Barth, "Reise von Trapezunt nach Skutari," s. 42 ff; Perrot, _loc. cit._ p. 328 ff.
[785] Barth, "Monatsberichte der Berl. Akad." 1859, s. 142 ff.; Perrot, "Explor. Archeol. de la Galatie," pp. 330 ff. 352-356.
[786] Perrot, "Explor. Archeol. de la Galatie," p. 157.
[787] Diod. 3, 57; Strabo, pp. 535-537, 557, 559; Plut. "Sulla," c. 9; Hirt. "Bell. Alex." 66.
[788] "Il." 3, 184-190.
[789] Pausan. 1, 2, 1; Appian, "Bell. Mithrid." 78.
[790] "Prom. Vinct." 723, Suppl. 287. In other passages, following the later view, he places them in Scythia.
[791] Frag. 25, ed. Muller.
[792] Strabo, p. 505.
[793] Herod. 9, 27; Plut. "Menex." p. 239; Isocr. "Panegyr." 19.
[794] Diod. 2, 45, 46; 3, 55; Strabo, p. 505; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 2, 949.
[795] Callim. "in Dian." 237.
[796] "Il." 2, 814; Ephori Fragm. 87, ed. Muller; Pausan. 7, 2, 7.
According to Diodorus, Priene and Pitane were also founded by the Amazon Myrina, 3, 55.
[797] Plut. "Thes." 27, 28; Pausan. 2, 32; 3, 25; Diod. 4, 28.
[798] Herod. 4, 189; Diod. 3, 52-55.
[799] Herod. 4, 110-117; Plato, "Legg." p. 804; Hippocr. "De aere," c.
17; Ephor. fragm. 78, 103, ed. Muller; Ctes. fragm. 25-28, ed. Muller.
Justinus (2, 4), as remarked, represents Ilinus, and Skolopitus, as making their way from Scythia to the Thermodon, and when these Scythians had for many years plundered their neighbours from this centre, they were attacked and cut down by the conspirators among their neighbours.
Their wives remained; they seized the weapons, and founded a female kingdom. In order to preserve the race, they came together with the neighbouring people, but they slew all the male children. Marpesia and Lampedo, who called themselves daughters of Mars, ruled over this female kingdom. Then Lampedo with a part of the Amazons marched out and founded Ephesus, and many other cities; over those who remained behind, when Marpesia was slain, Antiope and Oreithyia reigned; and in their time Heracles and Theseus came and carried off two sisters of Antiope. To avenge this act Oreithyia marched against Athens, supported by the Scythian king Sagillus, and his son Panasagorus. After Oreithyia, Penthesilea reigned; after her reign the power of the Amazons declined.
Cf. Steph. Byzant, _s. v._ [Greek: Amazones], where the story which Herodotus (4, 1-4) tells of the returning Scythians of Madyas is turned to the advantage of the Amazons.
[800] Plut. "Alex." 46; Curtius, 6, 5; Diod. 17, 77; Strabo, p. 505; Justin, 2, 4; 12, 3. Cf. Arrian, "Anab." 4, 15.
[801] Arrian, _loc. cit._ 7, 13.
[802] Plut. "Pompeius," c. 35; Appian, "Bell. Mithrid." c. 103.
[803] Strab, pp. 503-505, 547, 550, 552.
[804] Hippoc. "De aere," c. 89, 91. If the name Amazon were Greek, it could only have been invented in a contrast to [Greek: polymazos], "with many breasts," the epithet of the Ephesian Artemis, as the goddess of birth, to denote the maidens devoted to chastity.
[805] Strabo, pp. 591, 680.
[806] Herod. 1, 7, 94; 4, 45; Dion. Hal. 1, 27, 28; "Il." 2, 461; Strabo, p. 627; Steph. Byz. [Greek: Asia].
[807] Herod. 1, 84; Xanth. Fragm. 10; Nicol. Damasc. Fragm. 26, 29, ed.
Muller. The legend of Meles is obviously connected with the founding of Sardis. This Meles therefore cannot be identified with the Heracleid (the last but two) of the same name. In Nicolaus, Moxus is the successor of Meles; Fragm. 24, 49.
[808] Xanth. Fragm. 11, 12; Nicol. Dam. Fragm. 25, 28, ed. Muller.
[809] Diod. 4, 21.
[810] Ephor. Fragm. 9; Pherecyd. Fragm. 3, 4; Maeandri Mil. Fragm. 8; Clearch. Sol. Fragm. 8, ed. Muller; Apollod. 2, 6, 3.
[811] Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 25, 5. Cf. Nicol., Dam. Fragm. 49, ed. Muller, where Sadyuttes and Lixus are mentioned in the place of the Heracleidae as the successors of Tylon, _loc. cit._ p. 382, 384.
[812] Herod. 1, 7. According to Apollodorus (2, 7, 8), the son of Omphale and Heracles was Agelaus; according to Diodorus (4, 31) Heracles first begot Cleodaeus with a slave, and then Lamus with Omphale. Others call the son of Omphale and Heracles Meleus (Meles). Others again represent Sandon, the son of Heracles, as the father of Damalisandus, or Dalisandus, by Damalis. Cf. Muller, on Nicol. Fragm. 28.
[813] Joh. Lyd. "De Mens." 3, 14.
[814] Brandis, "Munzwesen," s. 168, 386.
[815] Hesych. [Greek: Attagathe Athare para to Xantho.] The native name Athar-ath is found on a coin of Bambyke, in Brandis, _loc. cit._ s. 431.
[816] Joh. Lyd. "De Mag." 3, 64; Plut. "Quaest. Graec." c. 45; "An seni resp." c. 4; Clearch. Sol. Fragm. 6, ed. Muller; Ovid. "Heroid." 83-118; "Fast." 2, 325.