NEW HICKORY.
1. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 50204, 488; Raymond Moley, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 50204, 488; Raymond Moley, After Seven Years: A Political Analysis of the New Deal After Seven Years: A Political Analysis of the New Deal (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 31718, 33031; William E. Leuchtenburg, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 31718, 33031; William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 17071. (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 17071.
2. Harry L. Hopkins, Harry L. Hopkins, Spending to Save: The Complete Story of Relief Spending to Save: The Complete Story of Relief (New York: Norton, 1936), 114, 109; "W.P.A. workers of Battle Creek," to FDR, April 5, 1936, FERA Central Files, Box 86, National Archives (reproduced in Robert S. McElvaine, ed., (New York: Norton, 1936), 114, 109; "W.P.A. workers of Battle Creek," to FDR, April 5, 1936, FERA Central Files, Box 86, National Archives (reproduced in Robert S. McElvaine, ed., Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man" Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man" [Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983], 127); Henry W. Francis, Report to Harry Hopkins, from Clarksburg, W. Va., Dec. 1, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66, "One of the many workers + a leagionaire," Ft. Worth, Tex., to Hopkins, Nov. 21, 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 88; "American Workers," Wisconsin, to Hopkins, FERA Central Files, Box 89; Anonymous, Suffolk, Va., to Hopkins, FERA Central Files, Box 88 (reproduced in McElvaine, [Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983], 127); Henry W. Francis, Report to Harry Hopkins, from Clarksburg, W. Va., Dec. 1, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66, "One of the many workers + a leagionaire," Ft. Worth, Tex., to Hopkins, Nov. 21, 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 88; "American Workers," Wisconsin, to Hopkins, FERA Central Files, Box 89; Anonymous, Suffolk, Va., to Hopkins, FERA Central Files, Box 88 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 135); James T. Patterson, America's Struggle Against Poverty, 19001980 America's Struggle Against Poverty, 19001980 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 63, 59, 62; Harry L. Hopkins, "They'd Rather Work," (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 63, 59, 62; Harry L. Hopkins, "They'd Rather Work," Collier's Collier's, 96 (Nov. 16, 1935), 7; William W. Bremer, "Along the 'American Way': The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed," Journal of American History Journal of American History, 62 (Dec. 1975), 636, 645, 63839, 641; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. V, 19; Caroline Bird, (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. V, 19; Caroline Bird, The Invisible Scar The Invisible Scar (New York: McKay, 1966), 19799; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, (New York: McKay, 1966), 19799; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare Welfare (New York: Pantheon, 1971; Vintage, 1972), 109; Josephine C. Brown, (New York: Pantheon, 1971; Vintage, 1972), 109; Josephine C. Brown, Public Relief Public Relief 19291939 (New York: Holt, 1940), 38689. 19291939 (New York: Holt, 1940), 38689.
3. Jane DeHart Mathews, "Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy," Jane DeHart Mathews, "Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy," Journal of American History Journal of American History, 62 (Sept. 1975), 319, 335, 320, 329, 327, 334n, 324, 332, 316, 320, 328, 325, 337, 333, 339, 331; Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1941), 363518; Ann Banks, ed., (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1941), 363518; Ann Banks, ed., First-Person America First-Person America (New York: Knopf, 1980), xviii-xix, xx; Jerre Mangione, (New York: Knopf, 1980), xviii-xix, xx; Jerre Mangione, The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers' Project The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers' Project, 19351943 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), 25556, 244, 4649; Malcolm Cowley, "Federal Writers' Project," The New Republic The New Republic, 167 (Oct. 21, 1972), 2326; Charles I. Glicksberg, "The Federal Writers' Project," South Atlantic Quarterly South Atlantic Quarterly, 37 (April 1938), 15869; Marguerite D. Bloxom, ed., Pickaxe and Pencil: References for the Study of the WPA Pickaxe and Pencil: References for the Study of the WPA (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1982), 37, 29, 45; Janelle Jedd Warren-Findley, "Of Tears and Need: The Federal Music Project, 19351943" ( (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1982), 37, 29, 45; Janelle Jedd Warren-Findley, "Of Tears and Need: The Federal Music Project, 19351943" (PH.D. dissertation, George Washington University, 1973), 31920; Joe Klein, Woody Guthrie: A Life Guthrie: A Life (New York: Knopf, 1980), 14550; Alan Lomax, Woody Guthrie, and Pete Seeger, eds., (New York: Knopf, 1980), 14550; Alan Lomax, Woody Guthrie, and Pete Seeger, eds., Hard-Hitting Songs for Hard-Hit People Hard-Hitting Songs for Hard-Hit People (New York: Oak Pubns., 1967), 11; Cornelius Baird Canon, "The Federal Music Project of the Works Progress Administration: Music in a Democracy" (New York: Oak Pubns., 1967), 11; Cornelius Baird Canon, "The Federal Music Project of the Works Progress Administration: Music in a Democracy" (PH.D (PH.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1963), 16566; Francis V. O'Connor, comp., Art for the Millions: Essays from the 1930s by Artists and Administrators of the WPA Federal Art Project Art for the Millions: Essays from the 1930s by Artists and Administrators of the WPA Federal Art Project (Greenwich, Conn.: N.Y. Graphic Society, 1973); Richard D. McKinzie, (Greenwich, Conn.: N.Y. Graphic Society, 1973); Richard D. McKinzie, The New Deal for Artists The New Deal for Artists (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973); Helen A. Harrison, "American Art and the New Deal," (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973); Helen A. Harrison, "American Art and the New Deal," Journal of American Studies Journal of American Studies, 6 (Dec. 1972), 28996; J. C. Furnas, Stormy Weather: Crosslights on the Nineteen Thirties; An Informal Social History of the United States, 19291941 Stormy Weather: Crosslights on the Nineteen Thirties; An Informal Social History of the United States, 19291941 (New York: Putnam, 1977), 7380; "A Sampler of New Deal Murals," (New York: Putnam, 1977), 7380; "A Sampler of New Deal Murals," American Heritage American Heritage, 21 (Oct. 1970), 4557; Karal Ann Manning, Wall-to-Wall America: A Cultural History of Post Office Murals in the Great Depression Wall-to-Wall America: A Cultural History of Post Office Murals in the Great Depression (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982); Leuchtenburg, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982); Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 128, 127; Jane DeHart Mathews, The Federal Theatre, 19351939: Plays, Relief, and Politics The Federal Theatre, 19351939: Plays, Relief, and Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 343; John O'Connor and Lorraine Brown, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 343; John O'Connor and Lorraine Brown, Free, Adult, Uncensored: The Living History of the Federal Theatre Project Free, Adult, Uncensored: The Living History of the Federal Theatre Project (Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books, 1978), 2, 89, 1819, 2629, 1015, 3135; Hallie Flanagan, (Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books, 1978), 2, 89, 1819, 2629, 1015, 3135; Hallie Flanagan, Arena Arena (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1940), 5180, 342, 35673; John Houseman, (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1940), 5180, 342, 35673; John Houseman, Run-Through Run-Through (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), 176, 18385, 189205, 175n, 24581; John Houseman, lecture at Millsaps College, Jackson, Miss., Sept. 23, 1982; Garrett Garet, "Federal Theater for the Masses," (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), 176, 18385, 189205, 175n, 24581; John Houseman, lecture at Millsaps College, Jackson, Miss., Sept. 23, 1982; Garrett Garet, "Federal Theater for the Masses," The Saturday Evening Post The Saturday Evening Post, 208 (June 20, 1936), 89, 8486, 88; Harrison G. Fiske, "The Federal Theater Doomboggle," The Saturday Evening Post The Saturday Evening Post, 209 (Aug. 1, 1936), 23, 6872; Robert S. McElvaine, "America Suffers a Change in Values," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, Oct. 28, 1981.
4. Rosenman, Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. V, 818, 3844; A. W. Gudal, Philadelphia, Pa., to FDR, Jan. 8, 1936, and Mrs. A. H. Fasel, Estacada, Ore., to FDR, Jan. 18, 1936, both in President's Personal File, #200-B, FDR Library; The New York Times The New York Times, Jan. 26, 1936; Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It (New York: Knopf, 1948; 2d ed., Vintage, 1973), 288; "A Friend of you both," Kokomo, Ind., to ER, Oct. 28, 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 88, National Archives; Schlesinger, (New York: Knopf, 1948; 2d ed., Vintage, 1973), 288; "A Friend of you both," Kokomo, Ind., to ER, Oct. 28, 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 88, National Archives; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 27374; The New York Times The New York Times, March 9, 1936.
5. Warren Moscow, Warren Moscow, Roosevelt and Willkie Roosevelt and Willkie (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), 2223; T. Harry Williams, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), 2223; T. Harry Williams, Huey Long Huey Long (New York: Knopf, 1969), 73435; Alan Brinkley, Voices (New York: Knopf, 1969), 73435; Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Knopf, 1982), 172; David H. Bennett, (New York: Knopf, 1982), 172; David H. Bennett, Demagogues in the Depression: American Radicals and the Union Party Demagogues in the Depression: American Radicals and the Union Party, 19321936 19321936 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1969); Bennett, "The Year of the Old Folk's Revolt," (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1969); Bennett, "The Year of the Old Folk's Revolt," American Heritage American Heritage, 16 (Dec. 1964), 4851, 99107; Lorena Hickok, report to Harry Hopkins from St. Louis, Aug. 21, 1936, Hopkins Papers, Box 68, FDR Library.
6. Schlesinger, Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 52447, 55961, 571644; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 17896; Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics The Future of American Politics (2d ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1956), 51, 45, 46; Rosenman, (2d ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1956), 51, 45, 46; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. V, 23036, 553, 56673; Moscow, Roosevelt and Willkie Roosevelt and Willkie, 38; Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1937), 360, 359, 44; American Institute of Public Opinion Surveys, Jan. 18, 1936, and Dec. 7, 1936, both in Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds., (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1937), 360, 359, 44; American Institute of Public Opinion Surveys, Jan. 18, 1936, and Dec. 7, 1936, both in Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds., Public Opinion Public Opinion, 193546 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 344, 599; F. V. Eastman, Washington, D. C., to "Secretary to Mrs. F. D. Roosevelt," Nov. 2, 1936, ER Papers, Box 2719.
7. Rosenman, Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. VI, 4; Joseph Alsop and Turner Catledge, The 168 Days The 168 Days (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1938); Leuchtenburg, (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1938); Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 23239; James T. Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 77127; Otis L. Graham, (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 77127; Otis L. Graham, Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 43. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 43.
CHAPTER 13.
THE CIO AND THE LATER NEW DEAL.
1. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tyne, Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tyne, John L. Lewis: A Biography John L. Lewis: A Biography (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times, 1977), xiv-xvi, 21721, and (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times, 1977), xiv-xvi, 21721, and passim.; passim.; Charles A. Madison, Charles A. Madison, American Labor Leaders American Labor Leaders (2d ed., New York: Ungar, 1962), 177, 182, 185; Irving Bernstein, (2d ed., New York: Ungar, 1962), 177, 182, 185; Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 19201933 The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 19201933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 123; Saul Alinsky, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 123; Saul Alinsky, John L. Lewis: An Unauthorized Biography John L. Lewis: An Unauthorized Biography (New York: Putnam, 1949), 14; Len De Caux, (New York: Putnam, 1949), 14; Len De Caux, Labor Radical: From the Wobblies to CIO Labor Radical: From the Wobblies to CIO (Boston: Beacon, 1970), 120, 22627, 216, 21415, 22930; Cecil Carnes, (Boston: Beacon, 1970), 120, 22627, 216, 21415, 22930; Cecil Carnes, John L. Lewis: Leader of Labor (New John L. Lewis: Leader of Labor (New York: Speller, 1936), 126; David Brody, "The Emergence of Mass Production Unionism," in John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and Everett Walters, eds., York: Speller, 1936), 126; David Brody, "The Emergence of Mass Production Unionism," in John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and Everett Walters, eds., Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1964), 24362; James O. Morris, (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1964), 24362; James O. Morris, Conflict Within the AFL. A Study of Craft Versus Industrial Unionism 19011935 Conflict Within the AFL. A Study of Craft Versus Industrial Unionism 19011935 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1958), 4, 15052, 21011; Irving Bernstein, (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1958), 4, 15052, 21011; Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 19331941 Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 19331941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 386404, 59094, 595602; Mary Heaton Vorse, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 386404, 59094, 595602; Mary Heaton Vorse, Labor's New Millions Labor's New Millions (New York: Modern Age, 1938), 58, 1718, 2829; Samuel Lubell, (New York: Modern Age, 1938), 58, 1718, 2829; Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics The Future of American Politics (2d ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor, 1956), 4850; Art Preis, (2d ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor, 1956), 4850; Art Preis, Labor's Giant Step: Twenty Years of the CIO Labor's Giant Step: Twenty Years of the CIO (New York: Pioneer, 1964), 4546; Walter Galenson, (New York: Pioneer, 1964), 4546; Walter Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 19351941 The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 19351941 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Edward Levinson, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Edward Levinson, Labor on the March Labor on the March (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938); J. C. Furnas, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938); J. C. Furnas, Stormy Weather: Crosslights on the Nineteen Thirties: An Informal Social History of the United States, 19291941 Stormy Weather: Crosslights on the Nineteen Thirties: An Informal Social History of the United States, 19291941 (New York: Putnam, 1977), 99. (New York: Putnam, 1977), 99.
2. Modern Times (1936, Charles Chaplin); Richard H. Pells, Modern Times (1936, Charles Chaplin); Richard H. Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 284; Sidney Fine, (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 284; Sidney Fine, Sit-Down: The General Motors Strike of Sit-Down: The General Motors Strike of 1936-1937 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 59, 5657, 6263, 9091, 96, 99, 13341, 14648, 12122, 15758, 171, 174, 22023, 113, 239, 318, 26671, 274, 279, 280, 297303, 31012, 32731; Edward Levinson, "Labor on the March," 1936-1937 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 59, 5657, 6263, 9091, 96, 99, 13341, 14648, 12122, 15758, 171, 174, 22023, 113, 239, 318, 26671, 274, 279, 280, 297303, 31012, 32731; Edward Levinson, "Labor on the March," Harper's Harper's, 174 (May 1937), 64250; Bernstein, Turbulent Years Turbulent Years, 52223, 52930, 43273, 48590; De Caux, Labor Radical Labor Radical, 22728, 25455, 24245; Alfred Winslow Jones, Life, Liberty and Property Life, Liberty and Property (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1941), 332, 342, 37879; Solomon Diamond, "The Psychology of the Sit-Down," (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1941), 332, 342, 37879; Solomon Diamond, "The Psychology of the Sit-Down," New Masses New Masses, 23 (May 4, 1937), 16; C. Wright Mills, The New Men of Power: America's Labor Leaders The New Men of Power: America's Labor Leaders (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1948; reprint ed., Kelley, 1971), 89. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1948; reprint ed., Kelley, 1971), 89.
3. William E. Leuchtenburg, William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1 Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 263, 25760; Henry Stimson Diary, Yale University Library, July 27, 1938, quoted in Otis L. Graham, An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 19; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 19; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. D. Roosevelt Roosevelt (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. VII, 30532; Lawrence Edwards, Cumberland Gap, Tenn., to FDR, April 30, 1938, FDR Papers, President's Personal File, #200-B, FDR Library; Raymond Moley, (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. VII, 30532; Lawrence Edwards, Cumberland Gap, Tenn., to FDR, April 30, 1938, FDR Papers, President's Personal File, #200-B, FDR Library; Raymond Moley, After Seven Years: A Political Analysis of the New Deal After Seven Years: A Political Analysis of the New Deal (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 376; Ellis W. Hawley, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 376; Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 149; Thurman Arnold, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 149; Thurman Arnold, The Bottlenecks of Business The Bottlenecks of Business (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1940). (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1940).
4. James T. Patterson, James T. Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 188249; Leuchtenburg, (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 188249; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 14041, 257, 13537; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 36981; Sidney Baldwin, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 36981; Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration Poverty and Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 20407; Paul Conkin, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 20407; Paul Conkin, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1959), 30525; F. Jack Hurley, (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1959), 30525; F. Jack Hurley, Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 3234, viii-ix, 5094, and (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 3234, viii-ix, 5094, and passim.; passim.; Hank O'Neal, A Vision Hank O'Neal, A Vision Shared: A Classic Portrait of America and Its People Shared: A Classic Portrait of America and Its People, 1935-1945 (New York: St. Martin's, 1976); Walker Evans, Photographs for the Farm Security Administration Photographs for the Farm Security Administration, 19351938 (New York: Da Capo, 1973); James Agee and Walker Evans, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941; New York: Ballantine, 1969). (1941; New York: Ballantine, 1969).
CHAPTER 14.
"DR. NEW DEAL" RUNS OUT OF MEDICINE 1. James MacGregor Burns, James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1956), 343, 416; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1956), 343, 416; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States to 1970 Historical Statistics of the United States to 1970 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), Ser. D-85, 86, K-284, pp. 135, 484; James T. Patterson, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), Ser. D-85, 86, K-284, pp. 135, 484; James T. Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 288324; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 288324; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. VIII, 112; James T. Patterson, (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. VIII, 112; James T. Patterson, America's Struggle Against Poverty, 19001980 America's Struggle Against Poverty, 19001980 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 6061; Francis Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 6061; Francis Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Random House, 1971; Vintage, 1972), 80, 113, 11617; William E. Leuchtenburg, (New York: Random House, 1971; Vintage, 1972), 80, 113, 11617; William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 270; Floyd Riddick, "First Session of the Seventy-sixth Congress," (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 270; Floyd Riddick, "First Session of the Seventy-sixth Congress," American Political Science Review American Political Science Review, 33 (Dec. 1939), 102243; FDR, to Joseph P. Kennedy, Aug. 5, 1939, in Elliott Roosevelt, ed., F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 19281945 F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 19281945 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), v. II, 911. (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), v. II, 911.
2. Patterson, Patterson, Congressional Conservatism Congressional Conservatism, 32537; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 197251; Robert S. McElvaine, ed., Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man" Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man" (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983); Anne O'Hare McCormick, "As He Sees Himself," (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983); Anne O'Hare McCormick, "As He Sees Himself," The New York Times Magazine The New York Times Magazine (Oct. 16, 1938), 2; John M. Blum, (Oct. 16, 1938), 2; John M. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 4142. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 4142.
3. Hugh T. Lovin, "The Fall of Farmer-Labor Parties, 19361938," Hugh T. Lovin, "The Fall of Farmer-Labor Parties, 19361938," Pacific Northwest Quarterly Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 62 (Jan. 1971), 25; Warren Moscow, Roosevelt and Willkie Roosevelt and Willkie (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), 27, 33, 101, 70, 5253, 63, 5661, 55, 68, 95, 96, 106; Robert E. Burke, "Election of 1940," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Fred L. Israel, eds., (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), 27, 33, 101, 70, 5253, 63, 5661, 55, 68, 95, 96, 106; Robert E. Burke, "Election of 1940," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Fred L. Israel, eds., History of American Presidential Elections, 17981968 History of American Presidential Elections, 17981968 (New York: Chelsea House, 1971), v. IV, 292325, 2928; Burns, (New York: Chelsea House, 1971), v. IV, 292325, 2928; Burns, The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Fox, 432; Harold Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), v. III, 92; David Burner, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), v. III, 92; David Burner, Herbert Hoover: A Public Life Herbert Hoover: A Public Life (New York: Knopf, 1979), 408n; Leuchtenburg, (New York: Knopf, 1979), 408n; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 313; Wolcott Gibbs and John Bainbridge, "St. George and the Dragnet," The New Yorker The New Yorker, 16 (May 25, 1940), 24; "Editorial: Business-and-Government," Fortune Fortune, 21 (April 1940), 4647; Wendell L. Willkie, "We, the People," Fortune Fortune, 21 (April 1940), 6465, 16273.
4. Moscow, Moscow, Roosevelt and Willkie Roosevelt and Willkie, 7179, 2, 43, 11011, 11718. 127; Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948); Burns, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948); Burns, The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Fox, 414, 42528; Burke, "Election of 1940," 293435; Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor Roosevelt: A Friend's Eleanor Roosevelt: A Friend's Memoir (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964), 194. Memoir (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964), 194.
5. Burke, "Election of 1940," 2938, 2944; Turner Catledge, as quoted in Moscow, Burke, "Election of 1940," 2938, 2944; Turner Catledge, as quoted in Moscow, Roosevelt and Willkie Roosevelt and Willkie, 151; Moscow, Roosevelt and Willkie Roosevelt and Willkie, 138, 143, 145, 160, 147; Burns, The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Fox, 441, 447; The New York Times The New York Times, Sept. 7, 1940, Sept. 17, 1940, Aug. 26, 1940, Sept. 20, 1940, Oct. 26, 1940; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. IX, 48595, 499510, 54453; American Institute of Public Opinion (AIPO) survey, Dec. 25, 1940, in Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds., Public Opinion Public Opinion, 19351946 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 896; Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics The Future of American Politics (2d ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor, 191, 1956), 5455, 60; Henry Steele Commager, (2d ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor, 191, 1956), 5455, 60; Henry Steele Commager, The American Mind The American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), 354. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), 354.
6. Historical Statistics to 1970 Historical Statistics to 1970, Ser. D-85, 86, p. 135, Ser. F-126, p. 232; AIPO surveys, July 1941 and May 1941, in George H. Gallup, ed., The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 19351971 The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 19351971 (New York: Random House, 1972), v. I, 28687, 277; (New York: Random House, 1972), v. I, 28687, 277; Sergeant York Sergeant York (1941, Howard Hawks, Warner Brothers); Richard Polenberg, (1941, Howard Hawks, Warner Brothers); Richard Polenberg, War and Society: The United States, 19411945 War and Society: The United States, 19411945 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1972), 7375; Archibald MacLeish, "Defeatist Liberals," (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1972), 7375; Archibald MacLeish, "Defeatist Liberals," The New Republic The New Republic, 110 (March 6, 1944), 302.
CHAPTER 15.
PERSPECTIVE.
1. Time Time, 120 (July 26, 1982), 36; Elliot A. Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 377, 305, 19899; FDR, to George H. Dern, Feb. 2, 1933, as quoted in Frank Freidel, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 377, 305, 19899; FDR, to George H. Dern, Feb. 2, 1933, as quoted in Frank Freidel, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 137; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 137; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. D. Roosevelt Roosevelt (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. I., 657; Frank Freidel, (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. I., 657; Frank Freidel, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952), 37n; Otis L. Graham, (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952), 37n; Otis L. Graham, Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal (New York: Oxford University Presss, 1967), 18586; Frances Perkins, (New York: Oxford University Presss, 1967), 18586; Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), 12534; Robert S. McElvaine, "Where Have All the Liberals Gone?" (New York: Viking, 1946), 12534; Robert S. McElvaine, "Where Have All the Liberals Gone?" Texas Quarterly Texas Quarterly, 19 (Autumn 1976), 20213.
2. William Trufant Foster and Waddill Catchings, William Trufant Foster and Waddill Catchings, The Road to Plenty The Road to Plenty (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order The Crisis of the Old Order (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 13436, 18689; Ellis W. Hawley, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 13436, 18689; Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 28392, 42055; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 28392, 42055; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 44042; Schlesinger, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 44042; Schlesinger, The Politics of Upheaval The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 22024, 385423; John Maynard Keynes, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 22024, 385423; John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936); Barbara R. Bergman, "Who's to Blame for the Economy?" (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936); Barbara R. Bergman, "Who's to Blame for the Economy?" The New York Times The New York Times, Oct. 17, 1982; Lester C. Thurow, The Zero-Sum Society: Distribution and the Possibilities for Economic Change The Zero-Sum Society: Distribution and the Possibilities for Economic Change (New York: Basic Books, 1980; Penguin, 1981), 17; "More Booms Ahead," (New York: Basic Books, 1980; Penguin, 1981), 17; "More Booms Ahead," Fortune Fortune, 43 (April 1951), 81; "Rocketing Births: Business Bonanza," Life Life, 44 (June 16, 1958), cover, 2, 8389; Landon Y. Jones, Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980; Ballantine, 1981), 41. (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980; Ballantine, 1981), 41.
3. Schlesinger, Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 42443; Frank Freidel, F.D.R. and the South and the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965); Florence King, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965); Florence King, Southern Ladies and Gentlemen Southern Ladies and Gentlemen (New York: Stein & Day, 1975), 12; Jonathan Schell, (New York: Stein & Day, 1975), 12; Jonathan Schell, The Time of Illusion The Time of Illusion (New York: Knopf, 1975), 185; (New York: Knopf, 1975), 185; Esquire Esquire, 10 (Nov. 1938); Stephen Early, "Below the Belt," The Saturday Evening Post The Saturday Evening Post, 211 (June 10, 1939); Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal of the New Deal, 569; "The Center, Rediscovered: 'Liberal' Is No Longer a Dirty Word" (editorial), The New York Times The New York Times, Nov. 4, 1982.
4. Barton J. Bernstein, "The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform," in Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Barton J. Bernstein, "The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform," in Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History (New York: Pantheon, 1968), 26388; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, (New York: Pantheon, 1968), 26388; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Pantheon, 1971); Piven and Cloward, (New York: Pantheon, 1971); Piven and Cloward, Poor People's Movements: How They Succeed and Why They Fail Poor People's Movements: How They Succeed and Why They Fail (New York: Pantheon, 1977), 41175; Studs Terkel, (New York: Pantheon, 1977), 41175; Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: Pantheon, 1970), 34; John Kenneth Galbraith, (New York: Pantheon, 1970), 34; John Kenneth Galbraith, American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952); Rosenman, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952); Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. I, 625.
5. David W. Noble, David W. Noble, The Progressive Mind, 18901917 (rev The Progressive Mind, 18901917 (rev. ed., Minneapolis: Burgess, 1981), x; Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead The Fountainhead (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), 547, 565; Rosenman, (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), 547, 565; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. V, 48089; John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath (New York: Viking, 1939; Penguin, 1976), 16566; Lawrence Goodwyn, (New York: Viking, 1939; Penguin, 1976), 16566; Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Moment The Populist Moment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 61; Charles Forcey, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 61; Charles Forcey, The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 19001925 The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 19001925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), xvii; Graham, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), xvii; Graham, Encore for Reform Encore for Reform, 47n; Frances H. Coker, "Women and Men: An Unfinished Job" (paper presented at Millsaps College Friday Forum, March 19, 1982); Jessie Bernard, The Female World The Female World (New York: Free Press, 1981), 8491; Carol Gilligan, (New York: Free Press, 1981), 8491; Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1982); Ellen Goodman, "A Political Gender Gap," (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1982); Ellen Goodman, "A Political Gender Gap," The Boston Globe The Boston Globe, Oct. 19, 1982; Faithless Faithless (1932, Harry Beaumont, MGM); Andrew Bergman, (1932, Harry Beaumont, MGM); Andrew Bergman, We're in the Money: Depression America and Its Films We're in the Money: Depression America and Its Films (New York: New York University Press, 1971; reprinted ed., Harper & Row, 1972), 5054; Paul Rotha and Richard Griffith, (New York: New York University Press, 1971; reprinted ed., Harper & Row, 1972), 5054; Paul Rotha and Richard Griffith, The Film Till Now The Film Till Now (London: J. Cape, 1930), 43839; (London: J. Cape, 1930), 43839; Susan Lenox, Her Fall and Rise Susan Lenox, Her Fall and Rise (1931, Robert Z. Leonard, MGM); (1931, Robert Z. Leonard, MGM); Blonde Venus Blonde Venus (1932, Josef von Sternberg, Paramount); (1932, Josef von Sternberg, Paramount); She Done Him Wrong She Done Him Wrong (1933, Lowell Sherman, Paramount). (1933, Lowell Sherman, Paramount).
6. Doris Kearns, Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 33, 40; Robert J. Ringer, (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 33, 40; Robert J. Ringer, Looking Out for Number 1 Looking Out for Number 1 (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1977); Goodwyn, (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1977); Goodwyn, Populist Moment Populist Moment, xiv; Robert S. McElvaine, "America Suffers a Change in Values," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, Oct. 28, 1981; "And a Happy New Year," The New Republic The New Republic, 188 (Year-end, 1982), 56; John D. Rockefeller, as quoted in George Will, "In Defense of the Welfare State," The New Republic The New Republic, 188 (May 9, 1983), 21; Charles Peters, "A Neoliberal's Manifesto," The The Washington Monthly Washington Monthly, 15 (May 1983), 13; "Gaga Over Guns," The New Republic The New Republic, 188 (May 30, 1983), 9; Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton, 1978), 30, 14, 4447; Jerry Rubin, (New York: Norton, 1978), 30, 14, 4447; Jerry Rubin, Growing (Up) at Thirty-Seven Growing (Up) at Thirty-Seven (New York: M. Evans, 1976), 56; Eugene Emerson Jennings, (New York: M. Evans, 1976), 56; Eugene Emerson Jennings, Routes to the Executive Suite Routes to the Executive Suite (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 3, as quoted in Lasch, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 3, as quoted in Lasch, Culture of Narcissism Culture of Narcissism, 44; Robert B. Reich, The Next American Frontier The Next American Frontier (New York: Times Books, 1983), 14072. (New York: Times Books, 1983), 14072.
7. The New York Times The New York Times, Nov. 6, 1982, Dec. 16, 1982, Dec. 31, 1982, Jan. 4, 1983, Nov. 30, 1982, Nov. 21, 1982, May 16, 1983, Apr. 2, 1983, June 29, 1983, July 10, 1983; The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 24, 1982; Clarion-Ledger Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Miss.), Nov. 25, 1982, Dec. 16, 1982, Oct. 10, 1982; Daniel Yergin, "Unemployment: The Outlook Is Grim," (Jackson, Miss.), Nov. 25, 1982, Dec. 16, 1982, Oct. 10, 1982; Daniel Yergin, "Unemployment: The Outlook Is Grim," The New York Times The New York Times, July 13, 1982; James Reston, "A Talk With Schmidt," The New York Times The New York Times, Nov. 17, 1982; TRB, "Yuletide Gloom," The New Republic The New Republic, 188 (Year-end, 1982), 4; The Washington Post The Washington Post, Nov. 29, 1982; Lester C. Thurow, "The Great Stagnation," The New York Times Magazine The New York Times Magazine, Oct. 17, 1982; Time Time, 120 (July 26, 1982), 36; Damon Darlin, "America's New Poor Swallow Their Pride, Go to Soup Kitchens," The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 11, 1983; TRB, "Eroding Banks," The New Republic The New Republic, 188, (Feb. 21, 1983), 4; Lester Thurow, "Economics First," The New York Times The New York Times, Nov. 15, 1982; "Reagan's Pressure Points," The New Republic The New Republic, 189 (Aug. 29, 1983), 5; CBS Radio News, May 20, 1983; Haynes Johnson, "Elegant Breakfast, Lines of Jobless Mark Disparity in Progress, The Washington Post The Washington Post, Aug. 7, 1983; Ellen Goodman, "The Contrast Is Too Great," The Boston Globe The Boston Globe, Jan. 11, 1983.
8. The New York Times The New York Times, Dec. 18, 1982, Jan. 2, 1983; Sydney H. Schanberg, "Not Just the Fittest," The New York Times The New York Times, Jan. 4, 1983; James Reston, "A Different Voice," The New York Times The New York Times, Jan. 5, 1983; Goodman, "The Contrast Is Too Great"; Robert Lekachman, Greed Is Not Enough: Reaganomics Greed Is Not Enough: Reaganomics (New York: Pantheon, 1982), 3; TRB, "Frustration," (New York: Pantheon, 1982), 3; TRB, "Frustration," The New Republic The New Republic, 188 (May 30, 1983), 6; Anthony Lewis, "Reagan Sheds Reagan," The New York Times The New York Times, Aug. 7, 1983; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. V, 235.
Also by Robert S. McElvaine
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The End of the Conservative Era:
Liberalism After Reagan
Mario Cuomo: A Biography
What's Left:
A New Democratic Vision for America
The Depression and the New Deal:
A History in Documents (editor) (editor)
Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes,
and the Course of History
Encyclopedia of the Great Depression
(editor-in-chief)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Grand Theft Jesus:
The Hijacking of Religion in America