The Great Depression_ America, 1929-1941 Part 14

CHAPTER 6 "AND WHAT WAS DEAD WAS HOPE".

The chapter title is taken from Oscar Wilde's The Ballad of Reading Gaol The Ballad of Reading Gaol (New York: Dutton, 1928), 72. (New York: Dutton, 1928), 72.

1. Elliot A. Rosen, Elliot A. Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 288; Jordan A. Schwarz, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 288; Jordan A. Schwarz, The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, and the Depression The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, and the Depression (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 159, 236, 19394; Albert U. Romasco, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 159, 236, 19394; Albert U. Romasco, The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 128; Irving Bernstein, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 128; Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 19201933 The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 19201933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 467; (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 467; The New York Times The New York Times, Nov. 20, 1931; William Allen White, A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 439; David Burner, (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 439; David Burner, Herbert Hoover: A Public Life Herbert Hoover: A Public Life (New York: Knopf, 1979), 30708. (New York: Knopf, 1979), 30708.

2. Fred L. Israel, Fred L. Israel, Nevada's Key Pittman Nevada's Key Pittman (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 96; Frank Freidel, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 96; Frank Freidel, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt: The Triumph Roosevelt: The Triumph (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 311; Freidel, (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 311; Freidel, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 154n; Robert S. Allen, "Texas Jack," (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 154n; Robert S. Allen, "Texas Jack," The New Republic The New Republic, 70 (March 16, 1932), 11921; Schwarz, Interregnum of Despair Interregnum of Despair, 18587; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust, 1824, 114, 4n, 12330, 13040, 144, 15375, 197201, 205, 21011; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. D. Roosevelt Roosevelt (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. I, 625, 632, 646, 642; (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. I, 625, 632, 646, 642; The New York Times The New York Times, April 14, 1932; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order, 19191933 The Crisis of the Old Order, 19191933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 29293; Raymond Moley, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 29293; Raymond Moley, The First New Deal The First New Deal (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966); Raymond Moley, (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966); Raymond Moley, After Seven Years After Seven Years (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 15; Rexford Tugwell, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 15; Rexford Tugwell, The Brains Trust The Brains Trust (New York: Viking, 1968); Moley memorandum, May 19, 1932, Raymond Moley Papers, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif., as quoted in Rosen, (New York: Viking, 1968); Moley memorandum, May 19, 1932, Raymond Moley Papers, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif., as quoted in Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust, 141.

3. Freidel, Freidel, The Triumph The Triumph, 291311; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust, 3139, 22834, 25065, 27072, 306; Schwarz, Interregnum of Despair Interregnum of Despair, 6062; William Gibbs McAdoo, Crowded Years Crowded Years (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 44, 291; Martha H. Swain, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 44, 291; Martha H. Swain, Pat Harrison: The New Deal Years Pat Harrison: The New Deal Years (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978), 2728; T. Harry Williams, (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978), 2728; T. Harry Williams, Huey Long Huey Long (New York: Knopf, 1969), 57273, 581; Edward J. Flynn, (New York: Knopf, 1969), 57273, 581; Edward J. Flynn, You're the Boss You're the Boss (New York: Viking, 1947), 10001; Schlesinger, Crisis (New York: Viking, 1947), 10001; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order of the Old Order, 30607; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. I, 64759.

4. Burner, Burner, Hoover Hoover, 31617, 312; Schwarz, Interregnum of Despair Interregnum of Despair, 19698, 201, 204; Huey Long, as quoted in Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order Crisis of the Old Order, 430; Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover, 1 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover, 193233 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1977), 65680, 75051; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. I, 66984, 693711, 74256, 795812, 73435, 742; Moley, After Seven Years After Seven Years, 48; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust, 267, 345, 138.

5. Herbert Hoover, Memoirs: Herbert Hoover, Memoirs: The Great Depression, 19291941 The Great Depression, 19291941 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 176216; (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 176216; New York Evening Post New York Evening Post, Feb. 6, 1933, clipping in Huey Long Scrapbooks, v. 19, Louisiana State University Library, Baton Rouge; William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 2324; Time, Feb. 1, 1982, 30; Schwarz, (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 2324; Time, Feb. 1, 1982, 30; Schwarz, Interregnum of Despair Interregnum of Despair, 205, 229, 206, 9798, 222; Burner, Hoover Hoover, 319, 26973, 32124; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust, 3; John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash: 1929 The Great Crash: 1929 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954, 1972), 118, 15659, 18485; Harris G. Warren, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954, 1972), 118, 15659, 18485; Harris G. Warren, Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959; reprint ed., Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1980), 113; Schlesinger, Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959; reprint ed., Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1980), 113; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order of the Old Order, 457, 47879; Susan Estabrook Kennedy, The Banking Crisis of The Banking Crisis of 1933 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1973), 2021, 3039; Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, 1933 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1973), 2021, 3039; Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, The Great Contraction The Great Contraction, 19291933 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), 321; Romasco, Poverty of Abundance Poverty of Abundance, 6870, 8586, 8081.

CHAPTER 7.

"ACTION, AND ACTION NOW"

1. The New York Times The New York Times, March 3, 1933, March 4, 1933; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v., II, 1116, 6166; Edmund Wilson, (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v., II, 1116, 6166; Edmund Wilson, The Shores of Light The Shores of Light (New York: Farrar, Straus & Young, 1952), 49899; Dixon Wechter, (New York: Farrar, Straus & Young, 1952), 49899; Dixon Wechter, The Age of the Great Depression The Age of the Great Depression, 19291941 (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 229; J. Fred MacDonald, Don't Touch That Dial! Radio Programming in American Life, 19201960 Don't Touch That Dial! Radio Programming in American Life, 19201960 (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 41; Frank Freidel, (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 41; Frank Freidel, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 21415, 234, 19495, 219, 184, 226, 225, 234, 443, 236; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 21415, 234, 19495, 219, 184, 226, 225, 234, 443, 236; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 13; Raymond Moley, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 13; Raymond Moley, After Seven Years: A Political Analysis of the New Deal After Seven Years: A Political Analysis of the New Deal (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 155; Susan Estabrook Kennedy, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 155; Susan Estabrook Kennedy, The Banking Crisis of The Banking Crisis of 1933 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1973), 152202; William Starr Myers and Walter H. Newton, 1933 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1973), 152202; William Starr Myers and Walter H. Newton, The Hoover Administration: A Documented Narrative The Hoover Administration: A Documented Narrative (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936), 356; Herbert Hoover, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936), 356; Herbert Hoover, Memoirs: The Great Depression, 19291941 Memoirs: The Great Depression, 19291941 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 215; Bernard Sternsher, (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 215; Bernard Sternsher, Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1964), 75; Theodore G. Joslin, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1964), 75; Theodore G. Joslin, Hoover Off the Record Hoover Off the Record (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1934), 36465; (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1934), 36465; The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal, March 4, 1933.

2. Freidel, Freidel, Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal, 23754, 14042, 14750, 159, 249, 303, 31213; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. II, 49, 16; William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 47, 64; Moley, (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 47, 64; Moley, After Seven Years After Seven Years, 153; The New York Times The New York Times, May 19, 1933; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 813, 15, 1720; The New York Times The New York Times, Sept. 11, 1932; Ray Tucker, "The National Air," Collier's Collier's, 93 (Jan. 27, 1934), 22; The New Republic The New Republic, 90 (April 7, 1937), 25152; Otis L. Graham, Jr., An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 17172, 24, 27, 178; (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 17172, 24, 27, 178; Time Time, 119 (Feb. 1, 1982); Charles Forcey, The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 19001925 Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 19001925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961); George N. Peek and Samuel Crowther, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961); George N. Peek and Samuel Crowther, Why Quit Our Own? Why Quit Our Own? (New York: Van Nostrand, 1936), 20; Elliot A. Rosen, (New York: Van Nostrand, 1936), 20; Elliot A. Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 156, 304; James T. Patterson, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 156, 304; James T. Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1967), 46; E. Pendleton Herring, "First Session of the 73rd Congress," (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1967), 46; E. Pendleton Herring, "First Session of the 73rd Congress," American Political Science Review American Political Science Review, 27 (Feb. 1934), 6583.

3. Van L. Perkins, Van L. Perkins, Crisis in Agriculture: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the New Deal Crisis in Agriculture: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the New Deal, 1933 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), 73; Freidel, Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal, 8586, 8990, 30839; Christiana McFadyen Campbell, The Farm Bureau and the New Deal The Farm Bureau and the New Deal (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962), 51; (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962), 51; The Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin The Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. D. Roosevelt Roosevelt (New York: Da Capo, 1972), v. I, 44 (March 15, 1933); (New York: Da Capo, 1972), v. I, 44 (March 15, 1933); The New York Times The New York Times, March 19, 1933; Jordan Schwartz, 1933: Roosevelt's Decision: The United States Leaves the Gold Standard Roosevelt's Decision: The United States Leaves the Gold Standard (New York: Chelsea House, 1969); Schlesinger, (New York: Chelsea House, 1969); Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 40, 199203, 7484; Moley, After Seven Years After Seven Years, 160; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 7278, 13640, 17071; Carey McWilliams, Factories in the Field Factories in the Field (Boston: Little, Brown, 1939); Donald Worster, (Boston: Little, Brown, 1939); Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); John Steinbeck, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath (New York: Viking, 1939; Penguin, 1976), 40, 50; Paul E. Mertz, (New York: Viking, 1939; Penguin, 1976), 40, 50; Paul E. Mertz, New Deal Policy and Southern Rural Poverty New Deal Policy and Southern Rural Poverty (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 513; Lois Bray, Leachville, Ark., to Norman Thomas, April 6, 1934, Norman Thomas Papers, Box 10, New York Public Library (reproduced in Robert S. McElvaine, ed., (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 513; Lois Bray, Leachville, Ark., to Norman Thomas, April 6, 1934, Norman Thomas Papers, Box 10, New York Public Library (reproduced in Robert S. McElvaine, ed., Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man" Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man" [Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983], 7475): Donald H. Grubbs, [Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983], 7475): Donald H. Grubbs, Cry From the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union and the New Deal Cry From the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union and the New Deal (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971); Gilbert Fite, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971); Gilbert Fite, George George N. N. Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), 25152. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), 25152.

4. James T. Pattterson, James T. Pattterson, America's Struggle Against Poverty, 19001980 America's Struggle Against Poverty, 19001980 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 5660; Schlesinger, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 5660; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 26478, 28288, Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948); Leuchtenburg, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948); Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 12025; Raymond Moley, The First New Deal The First New Deal (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), 271; Eric F. Goldman, (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), 271; Eric F. Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny Rendezvous with Destiny (New York: Knopf, 1952; rev. ed., Vintage, 1955), 257; Harold Ickes, (New York: Knopf, 1952; rev. ed., Vintage, 1955), 257; Harold Ickes, Autobiography of a Curmudgeon Autobiography of a Curmudgeon (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1943); Freidel, (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1943); Freidel, Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal, 15455; Harry Hopkins, Spending to Save Spending to Save (New York: Norton, 1936); "W.P.A. Workers of Battle Creek," Michigan, to FDR, April 5, 1936, FERA Central Files, Box 86; Lorena Hickok to Harry Hopkins, from Des Moines, Iowa, Nov. 25, 1933, Hickok to Hopkins, from Birmingham, Ala., April 2, 1934, and Hickok to Hopkins, from Raleigh, N.C., Feb. 14, 1934, all in Lorena Hickok Papers, Box 11, FDR Library; Gov. Floyd Olson (Farmer-Labor, Minnesota) to Hopkins, June 22, 1934, Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 61, FDR Library; Rosenman, (New York: Norton, 1936); "W.P.A. Workers of Battle Creek," Michigan, to FDR, April 5, 1936, FERA Central Files, Box 86; Lorena Hickok to Harry Hopkins, from Des Moines, Iowa, Nov. 25, 1933, Hickok to Hopkins, from Birmingham, Ala., April 2, 1934, and Hickok to Hopkins, from Raleigh, N.C., Feb. 14, 1934, all in Lorena Hickok Papers, Box 11, FDR Library; Gov. Floyd Olson (Farmer-Labor, Minnesota) to Hopkins, June 22, 1934, Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 61, FDR Library; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. V, 1921.

5. Leuchtenburg, Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 174; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. IV, 65; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 33640, 31934; Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal The New Deal (2d ed., New York: Crowell, 1967, 1975), 45; Moley, (2d ed., New York: Crowell, 1967, 1975), 45; Moley, The First New Deal The First New Deal, 5, 32334; John A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1967); Freidel, Launching the New Deal Launching the New Deal, 25666, 16266, 35054; Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), 17781; C. H. Prichett, (New York: Viking, 1946), 17781; C. H. Prichett, The Tennessee Valley Authority The Tennessee Valley Authority (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1943); David E. Lilienthal, TVA: (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1943); David E. Lilienthal, TVA: Democracy on the March Democracy on the March (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944); Gordon R. Clapp, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944); Gordon R. Clapp, The TVA: An Approach to the Development of a Region The TVA: An Approach to the Development of a Region (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955); John H. Kyle, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955); John H. Kyle, The Building of TVA The Building of TVA (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958); Marguerite Owen, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958); Marguerite Owen, The Tennessee Valley Authority The Tennessee Valley Authority (New York: Praeger, 1973); North Callahan, TVA: (New York: Praeger, 1973); North Callahan, TVA: Bridge Over Troubled Waters Bridge Over Troubled Waters (New York: Barnes, 1980). (New York: Barnes, 1980).

6. Rosenman, Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. II, 246, 164; Freidel, Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal, 40835; Time Time, 21 (April 17, 1933); Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 2125, 47275, 33, 5355, 5758, 104, 67, 132, 61, 12324, 12731; Perkins, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 2125, 47275, 33, 5355, 5758, 104, 67, 132, 61, 12324, 12731; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew The Roosevelt I Knew, 19296, 25253; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 95, 10810, 12526, 15253; Moley, First New Deal First New Deal, 284, 290; Hugh S. Johnson, The Blue Eagle from Egg to Earth The Blue Eagle from Egg to Earth (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), 196204; Dorothy Thompson, in the New York (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), 196204; Dorothy Thompson, in the New York Herald Tribune Herald Tribune, Jan. 24, 1938, as quoted in Hawley, New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly, 472; Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 19001916 The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 19001916 (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1963); Robert H. Wiebe, (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1963); Robert H. Wiebe, Businessmen and Reform: A Study of the Progressive Movement Businessmen and Reform: A Study of the Progressive Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), 8085, 18690; James Weinstein, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), 8085, 18690; James Weinstein, The The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, 19001918 Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, 19001918 (Boston: Beacon, 1968); Richard H. Pells, (Boston: Beacon, 1968); Richard H. Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 81; Leuchtenburg, (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 81; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 6566; "The NRA Prosperity March," as quoted in Hawley, New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly, 54; Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 109; Goldman, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 109; Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny Rendezvous with Destiny, 16061; James F. Ragland, "Franklin D. Roosevelt and Public Opinion, 19331940" (PH.D (PH.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1954), 249; Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Knopf, 1982), 155; William E. Leuchtenburg, "Ronald Reagan's Liberal Past," (New York: Knopf, 1982), 155; William E. Leuchtenburg, "Ronald Reagan's Liberal Past," The New Republic The New Republic, 188 (May 23, 1983), 21; Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It (New York: Knopf, 1948; 2d ed., Vintage, 1973), 435. (New York: Knopf, 1948; 2d ed., Vintage, 1973), 435.

7. Schlesinger, Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 29798, 44045, 23252, 45670; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 53, 60; C. Lowell Harriss, History and Policies of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation History and Policies of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1951), 3539; Moley, (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1951), 3539; Moley, After Seven Years After Seven Years, 17584; Business Week Business Week, (Dec. 9, 1933), 16; John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash: 1929 The Great Crash: 1929 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954; 3d ed., 1972), 16472; Frank Freidel, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954; 3d ed., 1972), 16472; Frank Freidel, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952), 37; Freidel, (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952), 37; Freidel, Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal, 44243, 34050, 483.

8. Oswald Garrison Villard, "Mr. Roosevelt's Two Months," Oswald Garrison Villard, "Mr. Roosevelt's Two Months," New Statesman and Nation New Statesman and Nation, May 13, 1933, as quoted in Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 21; The New York Times The New York Times, March 26, 1933; William Allen White to Harold Ickes, May 23, 1933, as quoted in Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal, 62; Roosevelt and the New Deal, 62; Schlesinger, Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 21; Herbert Feis to Henry Stimson, March 15, 1933, as quoted in Freidel, Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal, 312; Gabriel Over the White House Gabriel Over the White House (1933, Gregory La Cava, MGM); Andrew Bergman, (1933, Gregory La Cava, MGM); Andrew Bergman, We're in the Money: Depression America and Its Films We're in the Money: Depression America and Its Films (New York: New York University Press, 1971; reprint ed., Harper & Row, 1972), 15, 11620. (New York: New York University Press, 1971; reprint ed., Harper & Row, 1972), 15, 11620.

9. Otis L. Graham, "Historians and the New Deals, 19441960," Otis L. Graham, "Historians and the New Deals, 19441960," The Social Studies The Social Studies, 54 (April 1963), 13340; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 385408; Basil Rauch, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 385408; Basil Rauch, The History of the New Deal The History of the New Deal, 19331938 (New York; Creative Age Press, 1944); Jerrold S. Auerbach, "New Deal, Old Deal, or Raw Deal: Some Thoughts on New Left Historiography," Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History, 35 (Feb. 1969), 1830; Hawley, New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly, 107; Barton J. Bernstein, "The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform," in Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History (New York: Vintage, 1968), 26388; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, (New York: Vintage, 1968), 26388; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage, 1971); Howard Zinn, ed., (New York: Vintage, 1971); Howard Zinn, ed., New Deal Thought New Deal Thought (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966), xxv. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966), xxv.

CHAPTER 8 "FEAR ITSELF".

1. Clifford Geertz, Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 18; Cabell Phillips, (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 18; Cabell Phillips, From the Crash to the Blitz From the Crash to the Blitz, 19291939 (New York: Macmillan, 1969), xii.

2. Among the books that have begun to provide us with the raw material for the basis of an understanding of working-class culture in the Great Depression are Studs Terkel, Among the books that have begun to provide us with the raw material for the basis of an understanding of working-class culture in the Great Depression are Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: Pantheon, 1970); Alice and Staughton Lynd, (New York: Pantheon, 1970); Alice and Staughton Lynd, Rank and File: Personal Histories by Working-Class Organizers Rank and File: Personal Histories by Working-Class Organizers (Boston: Beacon, 1973); Tom E. Terrill and Jerrold Hirsch, eds., (Boston: Beacon, 1973); Tom E. Terrill and Jerrold Hirsch, eds., Such As Us: Southern Voices of the Thirties Such As Us: Southern Voices of the Thirties (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978); Ann Banks, ed., (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978); Ann Banks, ed., First-Person America First-Person America (New York: Knopf, 1980); and Richard Lowitt and Maurine Beasley, (New York: Knopf, 1980); and Richard Lowitt and Maurine Beasley, One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickok's Reports on the Great Depression One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickok's Reports on the Great Depression (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1981). (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1981).

3. Philip Eisenberg and Paul F. Lazarfeld, "The Psychological Effects of Unemployment," Philip Eisenberg and Paul F. Lazarfeld, "The Psychological Effects of Unemployment," Psychological Bulletin Psychological Bulletin, 35 (June 1938); Alfred Winslow Jones, Life, Liberty and Property Life, Liberty and Property (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1941); Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1941); Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1937); Arthur W. Kornhauser, "Attitudes of Economic Groups," (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1937); Arthur W. Kornhauser, "Attitudes of Economic Groups," Public Opinion Quarterly Public Opinion Quarterly, 2 (April 1938), 26068; Ruth Shonle Cavan and Katherine Howland Ranck, The Family and the Depression: A Study of One Hundred Chicago Families The Family and the Depression: A Study of One Hundred Chicago Families (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938); Mirra Komarovsky, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938); Mirra Komarovsky, The Unemployed Man and His Family The Unemployed Man and His Family (New York: Dryden, 1940); E. Wight Bakke, (New York: Dryden, 1940); E. Wight Bakke, Citizens without Work Citizens without Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940); Bakke, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940); Bakke, The Unemployed Worker The Unemployed Worker (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940); Jessie A. Bloodworth and Elizabeth J. Greenwood, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940); Jessie A. Bloodworth and Elizabeth J. Greenwood, The Personal Side The Personal Side (1939; reprint ed., New York: Arno, 1971); Howard B. Woolston, "Psychology of Unemployment," (1939; reprint ed., New York: Arno, 1971); Howard B. Woolston, "Psychology of Unemployment," Sociology and Social Research Sociology and Social Research, 19 (March-April 1935), 33540; Flora Slocum and Charlotte Ring, "Industry's Discarded Workers (A Study of 100 St. Louis Relief Families)," Sociology and Social Research Sociology and Social Research, 19 (July-Aug. 1935); Edward A. Rundquist and Raymond F. Sletto, Personality in the Depression: A Study in the Management of Attitudes Personality in the Depression: A Study in the Management of Attitudes (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1936); Gabriel Almond and Harold D. Lasswell, "Aggressive Behavior by Clients toward Public Relief Administrators: A Configurative Analysis," (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1936); Gabriel Almond and Harold D. Lasswell, "Aggressive Behavior by Clients toward Public Relief Administrators: A Configurative Analysis," American Political Science Review American Political Science Review, 28 (Aug. 1934), 64355.

4. Oral history interviews conducted thirty-five to forty-five years after the events being described, such as Terkel's Oral history interviews conducted thirty-five to forty-five years after the events being described, such as Terkel's Hard Times Hard Times and the Lynds' and the Lynds' Rank and File Rank and File-useful as they unquestionably are-are less reliable than testimony given at the time, either through letters or interviews. It seems inevitable that the years between the Depression and the Terkel and Lynd interviews, particularly the long period of relative affluence from World War II through the 1960s, will have colored people's recollections of the thirties. See Fred Davis, Passage through Crisis Passage through Crisis (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961). (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961).

5. A sampling of these letters is available in Robert S. McElvaine, ed., A sampling of these letters is available in Robert S. McElvaine, ed., Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man" Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man" (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983). (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983).

Herman Kahn, former director of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, estimated that there were some 15 million letters from the public in Hyde Park. Many more are housed in the National Archives and elsewhere. During the early years of the Depression, Roosevelt annually received letters equaling a rate of 160 per 10,000 literate adults in the American population. This was nearly four times greater than the next-highest level in American history, that of 47 per 10,000 literate adults writing to Woodrow Wilson during World War I.

In most periods of American history, well-educated, upper-class people have been disproportionately represented among those who have written letters to political figures. This was not the case during the New Deal years. An analysis of the mail addressed to FDR and received in a week in March 1934, found 46 percent coming from laborers, 14 percent from clerks, and 15 percent from farmers. A combined total of only 20 percent were from businessmen and professionals. Poorly educated, working-class people need a stronger motive to write than do their more learned and affluent countrymen. The Depression provided them with such a motive and the Roosevelts gave them reason to hope that their thoughts and pleas might be heard and answered.

Leila A. Sussmann, Dear FDR: A Study in Political Letter-Writing Dear FDR: A Study in Political Letter-Writing (Totowa, N.J.: Bedminster, 1963), 72, 60, 11, 87, 13541; Ira Smith, (Totowa, N.J.: Bedminster, 1963), 72, 60, 11, 87, 13541; Ira Smith, Dear Mr. President Dear Mr. President (New York: Messner, 1949), 150; FERA, "Analysis of General Run of All Mail Addressed to President Roosevelt, March 2327, 1934," cited in Sussmann, (New York: Messner, 1949), 150; FERA, "Analysis of General Run of All Mail Addressed to President Roosevelt, March 2327, 1934," cited in Sussmann, Dear FDR Dear FDR, 14041.

6. Lorena Hickok, Report to Harry Hopkins on Maine, Sept. 2129, 1933, Lorena Hickok Papers, Box 11, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; John A. Garraty, "Unemployment During the Great Depression," Lorena Hickok, Report to Harry Hopkins on Maine, Sept. 2129, 1933, Lorena Hickok Papers, Box 11, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; John A. Garraty, "Unemployment During the Great Depression," Labor History Labor History, 12 (Spring 1976), 147; Hickok report dated "June 1(?), 1934(?)," but actually written in late 1934, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Thomas Steep, Report to Hopkins from Chicago, Nov. 10, 1934, Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 66, FDR Library; Mrs. Sanderson, Oklahoma City, Okla., to ER, June 10, 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, Box 2691, FDR Library (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 18992); "One of the Unwashed," Oregon, to ER, Feb. 28, 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 91, National Archives (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 211).

7. "Henry E.," age 43, former salesman and clerical worker, Minnesota, interviewed by Miss McEachern, Minnesota WPA, Feb. 1940, "Interviews of Project Workers in Twelve States," WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482, National Archives; Steep to Hopkins, from Chicago, Nov. 10, 1934; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Ohio, Oct. 10, 1935, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Louisa Wilson, Report to Hopkins on Detroit, Nov. 17, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 67; Solomon Diamond, "A Study of the Influence of Political Radicalism on Personality Development," Archives "Henry E.," age 43, former salesman and clerical worker, Minnesota, interviewed by Miss McEachern, Minnesota WPA, Feb. 1940, "Interviews of Project Workers in Twelve States," WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482, National Archives; Steep to Hopkins, from Chicago, Nov. 10, 1934; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Ohio, Oct. 10, 1935, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Louisa Wilson, Report to Hopkins on Detroit, Nov. 17, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 67; Solomon Diamond, "A Study of the Influence of Political Radicalism on Personality Development," Archives of Psychology of Psychology, no. 203 (June 1936), 1012; Caroline Bird, The Invisible Scar The Invisible Scar (New York: McKay, 1966), 197; Daniel T. Rodgers, (New York: McKay, 1966), 197; Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 18501920 The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 18501920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); interview with Albert Beaujon, age 75, former knifemaker, Thomaston, Conn., ca. 1938, WPA Federal Writers' Project, Living Lore Collection, Archive of Folk Song, Library of Congress; Ralph R. Connor, St. Louis, Mo., to Hopkins, Dec. 2, 1933, Civil Works Administration Central Files, Box 54, National Archives; Glen H. Elder, Jr., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); interview with Albert Beaujon, age 75, former knifemaker, Thomaston, Conn., ca. 1938, WPA Federal Writers' Project, Living Lore Collection, Archive of Folk Song, Library of Congress; Ralph R. Connor, St. Louis, Mo., to Hopkins, Dec. 2, 1933, Civil Works Administration Central Files, Box 54, National Archives; Glen H. Elder, Jr., Children of the Great Depression Children of the Great Depression (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 51; "A Taxpayer," New York, N.Y., to FERA, Jan. 3, 1936, FERA Files, Box 87; Anonymous, Evansville, Ind., to FDR, Sept. 7, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88; Minnie A. Hardin, Columbus, Ind., to ER, Dec. 14, 1937, ER Papers, Box 2735 (reproduced in McElvaine, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 51; "A Taxpayer," New York, N.Y., to FERA, Jan. 3, 1936, FERA Files, Box 87; Anonymous, Evansville, Ind., to FDR, Sept. 7, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88; Minnie A. Hardin, Columbus, Ind., to ER, Dec. 14, 1937, ER Papers, Box 2735 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 14547); Terkel, Hard Times Hard Times, 5; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Houston, Tex., April 13, 1934, Hickok Papers, Box 11; 38-year-old laborer, interviewed by Carl W. Held, Information Service Department, Oklahoma WPA, Feb. 1940, WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482.

8. Which was often far more rapidly than could have been anticipated, because life savings were wiped out in bank failures. This sometimes made Depression victims more bitter than did other hardships. David M. Maynard, Report to Hopkins on Dayton, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66. "I had enough money in the bank to take care of myself," complained the Oklahoma City woman quoted earlier, "but the bankers got it-hundreds were the same-we have lost our homes-but it wasent our fault," Mrs. Sanderson, Oklahoma City, to ER, June 10, 1934. Which was often far more rapidly than could have been anticipated, because life savings were wiped out in bank failures. This sometimes made Depression victims more bitter than did other hardships. David M. Maynard, Report to Hopkins on Dayton, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66. "I had enough money in the bank to take care of myself," complained the Oklahoma City woman quoted earlier, "but the bankers got it-hundreds were the same-we have lost our homes-but it wasent our fault," Mrs. Sanderson, Oklahoma City, to ER, June 10, 1934.

9. Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Maine, Sept. 2129, 1933; James T. Bagley, Charlotte, N.C., to Hopkins, Nov. 28, 1933, CWA Files, Box 54; J. C. Swindler, Riverside, Calif., to General Hugh Johnson, Nov. 23, 1933, CWA Files, Box 55; Mrs. Grenobia Vincent, Weldon, N.C., to ER, Jan. 21, 1935, ER Papers, Box 2220 (reproduced in McElvaine, Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Maine, Sept. 2129, 1933; James T. Bagley, Charlotte, N.C., to Hopkins, Nov. 28, 1933, CWA Files, Box 54; J. C. Swindler, Riverside, Calif., to General Hugh Johnson, Nov. 23, 1933, CWA Files, Box 55; Mrs. Grenobia Vincent, Weldon, N.C., to ER, Jan. 21, 1935, ER Papers, Box 2220 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 10910); Ben L. Beaver, Egan, Texas, to Hopkins, Dec. 5, 1933, CWA Files Box 54; Hickok, Report to Hopkins, Phoenix, Ariz., May 4, 1934, Hickok Papers, Box 11. The man quoted had been a small businessman before the Depression, but by this time had long been one of the unemployed. Bruce McClure, Report to Hopkins on Lawrence County, Pa., Fall 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; A. Graham, Jr., Seattle, Wash., to FERA, Dec. 12, 1934, FERA Files, Box 4 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 5960); Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Rock Springs, Wyo., Sept. 3, 1934, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Wayne Parrish, Report to Hopkins on New Jersey, Dec. 1, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Lincoln, Neb., Nov. 18, 1933, and Hickok, Report to Hopkins on West Virginia, Aug. 1626, 1933, both in Hickok Papers, Box 11; Martha Gellhorn, Report on Rhode Island, Dec. 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66.

10. Elder, Elder, Children of the Great Depression Children of the Great Depression, 54, 60; Bird, Invisible Scar Invisible Scar, 39; George W. Kearns, Martinsburg, W. Va., to Sen. M. M. Neely (D-W. Va.), Jan. 23, 1935, FERA Files, Box 5 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 13031); Mrs. Post, Cambridge (no state given), to FDR, May 16, 1934, FERA Files, Box 4 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 158); Ralph R. Connor, St. Louis, Mo., to Hopkins, Dec. 2, 1933, CWA Files, Box 54; Ed Paulsen, in Terkel, Hard Times Hard Times, 34; "W.P.A. Workers wife," Kalamazoo, Mich., to Hopkins, Nov. 21, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88; Gellhorn, Report on Rhode Island, Dec. 1934. On "taking" by slaves, see Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness Black Culture and Black Consciousness (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 131. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 131.

11. "An Obscure Couple," Kingston, N.Y., to Hopkins, May 1935, FERA Files, Box 90; Mary L., Detroit, Mich., to FDR, Oct. 2, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88; "Florence B.," age 28, former packager of candies and cookies, displaced by automation, interviewed by Miss McEachern, Minnesota WPA, Feb. 1940, WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482; Mrs. F. E. Gray, Beverly, Mass., to ER, Dec. 4, 1934, ER Papers, Box 612 (reproduced in McElvaine, "An Obscure Couple," Kingston, N.Y., to Hopkins, May 1935, FERA Files, Box 90; Mary L., Detroit, Mich., to FDR, Oct. 2, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88; "Florence B.," age 28, former packager of candies and cookies, displaced by automation, interviewed by Miss McEachern, Minnesota WPA, Feb. 1940, WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482; Mrs. F. E. Gray, Beverly, Mass., to ER, Dec. 4, 1934, ER Papers, Box 612 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 10304); "123986," New York, N.Y., to FDR, March 1936, FERA New Subject File, 002; Joseph S. Hall, Latrobe, Pa., to Bruce McClure, Secretary, CWA, April 4, 1934, CWA Files, Box 54 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 159); Parrish, Report to Hopkins on New York City, Nov. 17, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66. The suicide rate increased in the Depression years. It was noticeably higher in all the years of the thirties than it had been in the twenties or has been at any time since 1941. By 1932, the rate had increased to 17.4 per 100,000, up from 14 per 100,000 in 1929. U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), Series B-166, v. I, 58. Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on Camden, N.J., April 25, 1935, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Mrs. J. Graziano, Montvale, N.J., to ER, Aug. 28, 1934, ER Papers, Box 612 (reproduced in McElvaine, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), Series B-166, v. I, 58. Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on Camden, N.J., April 25, 1935, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Mrs. J. Graziano, Montvale, N.J., to ER, Aug. 28, 1934, ER Papers, Box 612 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 58).

12. Vito Cacciola, cobbler, Beverly, Mass., interviewed by Merton R. Lovett, Jan. 12, 1939, WPA FWP Living Lore Collection. For the help-seeking letters to Mrs. Roosevelt, see File 150.1, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. Mrs. Alfred Westphal, Aurelia, Iowa, to ER, n.d. (ca. June 1936), ER Papers, Box 2220; "E.T.," Philadelphia, Pa., to ER, Feb. 19, 1935, FERA Files, Box 91 (reproduced in McElvaine, Vito Cacciola, cobbler, Beverly, Mass., interviewed by Merton R. Lovett, Jan. 12, 1939, WPA FWP Living Lore Collection. For the help-seeking letters to Mrs. Roosevelt, see File 150.1, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. Mrs. Alfred Westphal, Aurelia, Iowa, to ER, n.d. (ca. June 1936), ER Papers, Box 2220; "E.T.," Philadelphia, Pa., to ER, Feb. 19, 1935, FERA Files, Box 91 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 164). Other good examples of such letters include Mrs. Albina Martell, Waterbury, Vt., to ER, Jan. 19, 1934, ER Papers, Box 2197 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 75); Mrs. Jno. Trimble, Goff, Kans., to ER, May 10, 1935 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 75); and Mrs. J. N. Tony, Athens, Ga., to ER, Nov. 25, 1935, both in ER Papers, Box 2220. On the connection between asking for help and seeing oneself as a failure, see for example, Mrs. C. D. Cockerham, Winnsboro, La., to ER, Oct. 29, 1935, ER Papers, Box 645 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 6970).

13. Oscar Handlin, Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted The Uprooted (Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1951, 1973), 181; "Colored," Marietta, Ga., to FDR, Oct. 27, 1935, FERA New Subject File, 002 (reproduced in McElvaine, (Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1951, 1973), 181; "Colored," Marietta, Ga., to FDR, Oct. 27, 1935, FERA New Subject File, 002 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 9091); P. F. Alston, Arkansas City, Kans., to ER, Nov. 25, 1934, ER Papers, Box 600; Mrs. Charles Clontz, Summerville, Pa., to ER, April 1935, ER Papers, Box 645 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 7071).

14. "Contrary to an erroneous popular impression, workers on urban relief rolls in 1934 were not industrial misfits who had never worked nor persons with an irregular work history.... Over half of the men had worked 10 years or more at their usual occupation." WPA, "Contrary to an erroneous popular impression, workers on urban relief rolls in 1934 were not industrial misfits who had never worked nor persons with an irregular work history.... Over half of the men had worked 10 years or more at their usual occupation." WPA, Urban Workers on Relief Urban Workers on Relief, Research Monograph IV, Part I (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936), 32.

15. Anonymous, Chicago, Ill., to Mr. and Mrs. Roosevelt, Feb. 1936, FERA Files, Box 87 (reproduced in McElvaine, Anonymous, Chicago, Ill., to Mr. and Mrs. Roosevelt, Feb. 1936, FERA Files, Box 87 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 117).

16. The foregoing scene of applying for relief is based on a general background of information in letters and other sources and specifically on Hickok, Report to Hopkins on New York City, Oct. 212, 1933, and Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Houston, Tex., April 412, 1934, both in Hickok Papers, Box 11, and Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on Massachusetts, Nov. 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66. The foregoing scene of applying for relief is based on a general background of information in letters and other sources and specifically on Hickok, Report to Hopkins on New York City, Oct. 212, 1933, and Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Houston, Tex., April 412, 1934, both in Hickok Papers, Box 11, and Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on Massachusetts, Nov. 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66.

17. Gellhorn, Report on Rhode Island, Dec. 1934; Hickok Report, "June 1(?), 1934(?)"; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on New York City, Oct. 212, 1933; Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on Massachusetts, Nov. 1934; William Haber, State Emergency Relief Commissioner of Michigan, to Hopkins, Dec. 4, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 61; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Philadelphia (from Allentown, Pa.), July 14, 1935, Hopkins Papers, Box 68; Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on North Carolina, Nov. 19, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66. On apathy among Depression victims, see also Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Gellhorn, Report on Rhode Island, Dec. 1934; Hickok Report, "June 1(?), 1934(?)"; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on New York City, Oct. 212, 1933; Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on Massachusetts, Nov. 1934; William Haber, State Emergency Relief Commissioner of Michigan, to Hopkins, Dec. 4, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 61; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Philadelphia (from Allentown, Pa.), July 14, 1935, Hopkins Papers, Box 68; Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on North Carolina, Nov. 19, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66. On apathy among Depression victims, see also Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order The Crisis of the Old Order (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 252; Marquis Childs, "Main Street Ten Years After," (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 252; Marquis Childs, "Main Street Ten Years After," The New Republic The New Republic, 73 (Jan. 18, 1933), 26365; and Jones, Life, Liberty and Property Life, Liberty and Property, 71.

18. Hazel Reavis, Report to Hopkins on Bethlehem, Pa., Dec. 7, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 1, 1934, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Anonymous, Atlanta, Ga., to FDR, Aug. 14, 1935, FERA Files, Box 89; Hickok Reports to Hopkins: Pennsylvania, Aug. 6, 1933, Cheyenne, Wyo., Sept. 9, 1934, and Salt Lake City, Sept. 1, 1934, Hickok Papers, Box 11; "An S.E.R.A. Worker," Los Angeles, Calif., May 13, 1935, FERA Files, Box 90; Hickok Reports to Hopkins: Upstate New York, Sept. 1219, 1933, Des Moines, Iowa, Nov. 25, 1933, and Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 22, 1935, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Hickok, Memo to Hopkins, "On 'the State of the Nation' in the Great City of New York," Dec. 29, 1933, Hickok Papers, Box 11; "Paul D.," age 51, former streetcar conductor, and "Florence B.," interviewed by Miss McEachern, Minnesota WPA; 58-year-old former building contractor, Detroit, interviewed by Frederic S. Schouman, Michigan WPA, all Feb. 1940, WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482. Many other interviews in this collection support the same point. Hazel Reavis, Report to Hopkins on Bethlehem, Pa., Dec. 7, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 1, 1934, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Anonymous, Atlanta, Ga., to FDR, Aug. 14, 1935, FERA Files, Box 89; Hickok Reports to Hopkins: Pennsylvania, Aug. 6, 1933, Cheyenne, Wyo., Sept. 9, 1934, and Salt Lake City, Sept. 1, 1934, Hickok Papers, Box 11; "An S.E.R.A. Worker," Los Angeles, Calif., May 13, 1935, FERA Files, Box 90; Hickok Reports to Hopkins: Upstate New York, Sept. 1219, 1933, Des Moines, Iowa, Nov. 25, 1933, and Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 22, 1935, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Hickok, Memo to Hopkins, "On 'the State of the Nation' in the Great City of New York," Dec. 29, 1933, Hickok Papers, Box 11; "Paul D.," age 51, former streetcar conductor, and "Florence B.," interviewed by Miss McEachern, Minnesota WPA; 58-year-old former building contractor, Detroit, interviewed by Frederic S. Schouman, Michigan WPA, all Feb. 1940, WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482. Many other interviews in this collection support the same point.

19. George Orwell noted a similar change in the attitude of the unemployed in Great Britain by 1937. George Orwell noted a similar change in the attitude of the unemployed in Great Britain by 1937. The Road to Wigan Pier The Road to Wigan Pier (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958), 80. Lynd and Lynd, (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958), 80. Lynd and Lynd, Middletown in Transition Middletown in Transition, 11112.

20. Hickok, as quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Hickok, as quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 275; E. H. Mulock, Administrator, Iowa E.R.A., "Statement of Relief Conditions and Employment Prospects in Iowa as of November 15, 1934," (letter to Hopkins, Nov. 27, 1934), Hopkins Papers, Box 61; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Salt Lake City, Sept. 1, 1934; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 275; E. H. Mulock, Administrator, Iowa E.R.A., "Statement of Relief Conditions and Employment Prospects in Iowa as of November 15, 1934," (letter to Hopkins, Nov. 27, 1934), Hopkins Papers, Box 61; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Salt Lake City, Sept. 1, 1934; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Pantheon, 1971), 6162. Many studies of the attitudes of Depression victims indicate the existence of this demanding, relief-as-a-right group, as one of several categories of recipients. See Melvin J. Vincent, "Relief and Resultant Attitudes," (New York: Pantheon, 1971), 6162. Many studies of the attitudes of Depression victims indicate the existence of this demanding, relief-as-a-right group, as one of several categories of recipients. See Melvin J. Vincent, "Relief and Resultant Attitudes," Sociology and Social Research Sociology and Social Research, 20 (Sept.-Oct. 1935), 2733; Eisenberg and Lazarfeld, "The Psychological Effects of Unemployment," 372; Cavan and Ranck, The Family and the Depression The Family and the Depression, 195; Woolston, "Psychology of Unemployment," 33540; and Slocum and Ring, "Industry's Discarded Workers (A Study of 100 St. Louis Relief Families)," 52425.

21. Bird, Bird, Invisible Scar Invisible Scar, 32; Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on South Carolina, Nov. 5, 1934, and Gellhorn, Report to Hopkins on New Hampshire, Dec. 2, 1934, both in Hopkins Papers, Box 66. Gellhorn, it may be relevant to note, seems to have had a remarkable ability to find syphilis and morons among the poor. In her limited surveys she discovered more of each than seems remotely credible. Her solution to both "problems": a massive sterilization program for "cretins." Gellhorn reports to Hopkins, passim. passim., Hopkins Papers, Box 66.

22. Henry W. Francis, Report to Hopkins from Williamson, W. Va., Dec. 7, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Mrs. Howe, age 39, wife of WPA worker, Lynn, Mass., interviewed by Jane E. Leary, July 27, 1939, WPA FWP Living Lore Collection; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Salt Lake City, Sept. 1, 1934. Henry W. Francis, Report to Hopkins from Williamson, W. Va., Dec. 7, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Mrs. Howe, age 39, wife of WPA worker, Lynn, Mass., interviewed by Jane E. Leary, July 27, 1939, WPA FWP Living Lore Collection; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Salt Lake City, Sept. 1, 1934.

23. Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Sioux City, Iowa, Dec. 4, 1933, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Mrs. A. J. Ferguson, Fair Haven, Vt., to FDR, June 1934, FERA Files, Box 4 (reproduced in McElvaine, Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Sioux City, Iowa, Dec. 4, 1933, Hickok Papers, Box 11; Mrs. A. J. Ferguson, Fair Haven, Vt., to FDR, June 1934, FERA Files, Box 4 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 16566); "A Democrat Voter," Louisville, Ky., to FDR, May 8, 1936, FERA New Subject File, 002 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 17576); "Just a Friend," Nashville, Tenn., to FDR, Nov. 27, 1935, FERA New Subject File, 002 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 127); Steep, Report to Hopkins from Chicago, Nov. 4, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Elder, Children of the Great Depression Children of the Great Depression, 9192; Parrish, Report to Hopkins on New York City, Nov. 24, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Dickinson, N. Dak. and Minot, N. Dak., Nov. 1, 1933, both in Hickok Papers, Box 11; John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath (New York: Viking, 1939; Penguin, 1976), 467; Elder, (New York: Viking, 1939; Penguin, 1976), 467; Elder, Children of the Great Depression Children of the Great Depression, 83, 88, 101, 106; Steep, Report to Hopkins from Chicago, Nov. 17, 1934; "One of the Unwashed," Oregon, to ER, Feb. 28, 1935, FERA Files, Box 91; Mrs. Charles Clontz, Summerville, Pa., to ER, April 1935, ER Papers, Box 645 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 7071); Joseph Captiva, fisherman, Provincetown, Mass., interviewed by Alice Kelly, Feb. 1939, and Patrick J. Ryan, shoe machinery worker, Lynn, Mass., interviewed by Jane K. Leary, July 20, 1939, both in WPA FWP Living Lore Collection: Komarovsky, The Unemployed Man and His Family; The Unemployed Man and His Family; Louis Adamic, My Louis Adamic, My America, 19281938 America, 19281938 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938), 28393; Cavan and Ranck, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938), 28393; Cavan and Ranck, The Family and the Depression The Family and the Depression, 78.

24. Norman Cousins, "Will Women Lose Their Jobs?" Norman Cousins, "Will Women Lose Their Jobs?" Current History and Forum Current History and Forum, 41 (Sept. 1939), 14; Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 25759, 254, 26061, 251, 27071, 26263; Susan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 25759, 254, 26061, 251, 27071, 26263; Susan Ware, Holding Their Own: American Women in the 1930s Ware, Holding Their Own: American Women in the 1930s (Boston: Twayne, 1982), 2150; Ware, (Boston: Twayne, 1982), 2150; Ware, Beyond Suffrage: Women in the New Deal Beyond Suffrage: Women in the New Deal (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981); Ruth Milkman, "Women's Work and Economic Crisis: Some Lessons of the Great Depression," (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981); Ruth Milkman, "Women's Work and Economic Crisis: Some Lessons of the Great Depression," Review of Radical Political Economics Review of Radical Political Economics, 8 (Spring 1978); Jeane Westin, Making Do: How Women Survived the Making Do: How Women Survived the '30s (Chicago: Follett, 1976); Winifred D. Wandersee, '30s (Chicago: Follett, 1976); Winifred D. Wandersee, Women's Work and Family Values, 19201940 Women's Work and Family Values, 19201940 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 84, 10102, 13, 88, 97; John B. Parrish, "Changes in the Nation's Labor Supply," (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 84, 10102, 13, 88, 97; John B. Parrish, "Changes in the Nation's Labor Supply," American Economic Review American Economic Review, 29 (June 1939), 332; Parrish, "Women in the Nation's Labor Market," Quarterly Journal of Economics Quarterly Journal of Economics, 54 (May 1940), 528; Local Local No. 2 No. 2 Edition Edition, UAW-CIO, Nov. 15, 1939, as quoted in Kessler-Harris, Out to Work Out to Work, 269; Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1963). (New York: Norton, 1963).

25. Elder, Elder, Children of the Great Depression Children of the Great Depression, 52, 71, 29; Beran Wolfe, "Psycho-analyzing the Depression," The Forum The Forum, 87 (April 1932), 212; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on New York City, Oct. 212, 1933; Hickok, Report to Hopkins on Pennsylvania, Aug. 712, 1933; Hickok Papers, Box 11; Clarabell Van Busick, age 11, Rushyhania, Ohio, to ER, March 29, 1935, ER Papers, Box 2220 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 11819); Lucille Ledbetter, age 12, Blacksburg, S.C., to ER, Jan. 19, 1934, ER Papers, Box 2197 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 116); Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Salt Lake City, Sept. 1, 1934; Larry Van Dusen, in Terkel, Hard Times Hard Times, 10607; Anonymous, age 12, Chicago, Ill., to Mr. and Mrs. Roosevelt, Feb. 1936, FERA Files, Box 87 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 117); Ned Strib-ling, Sulphur Springs, Tex., to FDR, Dec. 11, 1934, FERA Files, Box 5 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 72); Anonymous, Beaverdam, Va., to FDR, Oct. 23, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 17071); John Garlacy and John Lemch, Woonsocket, R.I., to FDR, Dec. 23, 1935, FDR Papers, Alphabetical File, 193336, Box 2, FDR Library; Anonymous, Warren, Ohio, to FDR, Dec. 22, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 116).

26. Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Fergus Falls, Minn., Dec. 5, 1933; Hickok, Report to Hopkins, "Enroute, Memphis to Denver," June 17, 1934, all in Hickok Papers, Box 11; Mrs. Luella Comstock, Merrill, Wisc., to ER, Sept. 10, 1935, ER Papers, Box 645; 30-year-old laborer on Oklahoma WPA project, interviewed by Carl W. Held, Information Service Department, Oklahoma WPA, WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482; Steep, Report to Hopkins from Chicago, Nov. 10, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Carl Giles, Administrator, ERA, Oklahoma, to Hopkins, Nov. 15, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 61; "Working Girls League," Winona, Minn., to Hopkins, June 23, 1936, FERA Files, Box 86; Gellhorn, Report on Rhode Island, Dec. 1934; Parrish, Report to Hopkins on New York City and New Jersey, n.d. (ca. Dec. 1934), Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Syracuse, N.Y., Aug. 5, 1935, Hopkins Papers, Box 68; Lynd and Lynd, Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Fergus Falls, Minn., Dec. 5, 1933; Hickok, Report to Hopkins, "Enroute, Memphis to Denver," June 17, 1934, all in Hickok Papers, Box 11; Mrs. Luella Comstock, Merrill, Wisc., to ER, Sept. 10, 1935, ER Papers, Box 645; 30-year-old laborer on Oklahoma WPA project, interviewed by Carl W. Held, Information Service Department, Oklahoma WPA, WPA Division of Information Files, Box 482; Steep, Report to Hopkins from Chicago, Nov. 10, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Carl Giles, Administrator, ERA, Oklahoma, to Hopkins, Nov. 15, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 61; "Working Girls League," Winona, Minn., to Hopkins, June 23, 1936, FERA Files, Box 86; Gellhorn, Report on Rhode Island, Dec. 1934; Parrish, Report to Hopkins on New York City and New Jersey, n.d. (ca. Dec. 1934), Hopkins Papers, Box 66; Hickok, Report to Hopkins from Syracuse, N.Y., Aug. 5, 1935, Hopkins Papers, Box 68; Lynd and Lynd, Middletown in Transition Middletown in Transition, 476, 455; George R. Cody, State Emergency Relief Administrator, Rhode Island, to Hopkins, Dec. 4, 1934, Hopkins Papers, Box 61; Gellhorn, Report on Rhode Island, Dec. 1934; Hickok, Report to Hopkins, "June 1(?), 1934(?)"; Lea D. Taylor, as reported in Steep, Report to Hopkins on Chicago, Nov. 17, 1934. Belief in the Alger myth was relatively weak among the poor in the 1930s. See Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds., Public Opinion Public Opinion, 19351946 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1951), 829.

27. Clifford Burke, in Terkel, Clifford Burke, in Terkel, Hard Times Hard Times, 82; Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks; The Emergence of Civil Rights As a National Issue: The Depression Decade New Deal for Blacks; The Emergence of Civil Rights As a National Issue: The Depression Decade (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 41, 3538, 93, 4041, 4446, 5455, 5354, 5051, 4849; Anonymous, Canton, Ga., to FDR, July 22, 1935, FERA New Subject File, 002, National Archives (reproduced in McElvaine, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 41, 3538, 93, 4041, 4446, 5455, 5354, 5051, 4849; Anonymous, Canton, Ga., to FDR, July 22, 1935, FERA New Subject File, 002, National Archives (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 94); Raymond Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression: The Problem of Economic Recovery Negroes and the Great Depression: The Problem of Economic Recovery (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1970), 11617, 12627, 13031, 39; Arthur F. Raper, (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1970), 11617, 12627, 13031, 39; Arthur F. Raper, The Tragedy of Lynching The Tragedy of Lynching (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933), 3031; Hilton Butler, "Lynch Law in Action," (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933), 3031; Hilton Butler, "Lynch Law in Action," The New Republic The New Republic, 67 (July 22, 1931), 257; Frank Freidel, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt: The Triumph Roosevelt: The Triumph (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 276; Gunnar Myrdal, An (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 276; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), 74; Frank Freidel, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), 74; Frank Freidel, FDR and the South FDR and the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955), 36; Walter White, A Man (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955), 36; Walter White, A Man Called White Called White (New York; Viking, 1948), 16970; Arthur F. Raper, (New York; Viking, 1948), 16970; Arthur F. Raper, Preface to Peasantry Preface to Peasantry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 56; Anonymous, Reidsville, Ga., to FDR, Oct. 19, 1935, and Anonymous, Hattiesburg, Miss., to FDR, FERA New Subject File, 002 (reproduced in McElvaine, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 56; Anonymous, Reidsville, Ga., to FDR, Oct. 19, 1935, and Anonymous, Hattiesburg, Miss., to FDR, FERA New Subject File, 002 (reproduced in McElvaine, Down and Out Down and Out, 83, 88).

28. John B. Kirby, John B. Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 230, 7696, 811, 4953, 234; Sitkoff, (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 230, 7696, 811, 4953, 234; Sitkoff, New Deal for Blacks, 29 New Deal for Blacks, 29, 5961, 8081, 7273, 106, 7778, 17983, 8896, 109, 116, 11214, 33233, 6972, 10405, 6669, 331, 6566, 21643, 33132, 76, 89, 32627, 33, 334, 8283; Erik Barnouw, A Tower of Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to Tower of Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 22530; J. Fred MacDonald, 1933 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 22530; J. Fred MacDonald, Don't Touch That Dial! Radio Programming in American Life, 19201960 Don't Touch That Dial! Radio Programming in American Life, 19201960 (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 27; (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 27; The New York Times The New York Times, editorial, March 7, 1930; Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin Eleanor and Franklin (New York: Norton, 1971), 51235; Tamara K. Hareven, (New York: Norton, 1971), 51235; Tamara K. Hareven, Eleanor Roosevelt: An American Conscience Eleanor Roosevelt: An American Conscience (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1968), 11229; Eleanor Roosevelt, "Address," The National Conference on Fundamental Problems in the Education of Negroes, Washington, D.C., May 912, 1934, as quoted in Kirby, (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1968), 11229; Eleanor Roosevelt, "Address," The National Conference on Fundamental Problems in the Education of Negroes, Washington, D.C., May 912, 1934, as quoted in Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era, 78; Theodore G. Bilbo, as quoted in Sitkoff, New Deal for Blacks New Deal for Blacks, 117; Morton Sosna, In Search of the Silent South: Southern Liberals and the Race Issue In Search of the Silent South: Southern Liberals and the Race Issue (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 6087; Ralph J. Bunche, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 6087; Ralph J. Bunche, The The Political Status of the Negro in the Age of FDR Political Status of the Negro in the Age of FDR, Dewey W. Grantham, ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), xxii; Richard M. Dalfiume, "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution," Journal of American History Journal of American History, 55 (June 1968), 99; Ralph Bunche, "Programs, Ideologies, Tactics," 559560, as quoted in Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era, 234n; Richard M. Dalfiume, Fighting on Two Fronts: Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 1 Fighting on Two Fronts: Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 19391953 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1969), 121.

CHAPTER 9.

MORAL ECONOMICS.

1. E. P. Thompson, E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage, 1963), 444; Michael Kammen, (New York: Vintage, 1963), 444; Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (New York: Knopf, 1972; Oxford University Press, 1980); E. P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the Crowd in the Eighteenth Century," (New York: Knopf, 1972; Oxford University Press, 1980); E. P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the Crowd in the Eighteenth Century," Past and Present Past and Present, no. 50 (Feb. 1971), 8990, 136; John L. Hess, "The Compleat Adam Smith," The Nation The Nation, 232 (May 16, 1981), 59697; Robert L. Heilbroner, The Worldly Philosophers The Worldly Philosophers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953, 1961), 45, 5254, 62; Henry Nash Smith, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953, 1961), 45, 5254, 62; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land Virgin Land (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950, 1970); Leo Marx, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950, 1970); Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964); David W. Noble, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964); David W. Noble, The Progressive Mind, 18901917 The Progressive Mind, 18901917 (revised ed., Minneapolis: Burgess, 1981), 2, 12; Richard Hofstadter, (revised ed., Minneapolis: Burgess, 1981), 2, 12; Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought Social Darwinism in American Thought (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944; revised ed., Boston: Beacon, 1955); Selig Perlman, A (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944; revised ed., Boston: Beacon, 1955); Selig Perlman, A Theory of the Labor Movement Theory of the Labor Movement (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 169; Gerald Grob, (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 169; Gerald Grob, Workers and Utopia: A Study of Ideological Conflict in the American Labor Movement, 18651900 Workers and Utopia: A Study of Ideological Conflict in the American Labor Movement, 18651900 (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1961), 16162; Milton Derber, (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1961), 16162; Milton Derber, The American Ideal of Industrial Democracy, 18651965 The American Ideal of Industrial Democracy, 18651965 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 34; David Montgomery, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 34; David Montgomery, Workers' Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggles Workers' Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggles (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 153; David Montgomery, (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 153; David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 18621872 Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 18621872 (New York: Knopf, 1967), 445, 447; Leon Fink, "Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor in Local Politics, 18861896" ( (New York: Knopf, 1967), 445, 447; Leon Fink, "Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor in Local Politics, 18861896" (PH.D. dissertation, University of Rochester, 1977); Alan Dawley, Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976); Herbert G. Gutman, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976); Herbert G. Gutman, Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America (New York: Knopf, 1976); Lawrence Goodwyn, (New York: Knopf, 1976); Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), xiii; Goodwyn, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), xiii; Goodwyn, The Populist Moment in America: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America The Populist Moment in America: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), xxiii; Thomas Dublin, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), xxiii; Thomas Dublin, Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 18201860 Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 18201860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 48, 5657; Sidney Hook, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 48, 5657; Sidney Hook, From Hegel to Marx From Hegel to Marx (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1936), 303; Richard H. Pells, (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1936), 303; Richard H. Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 139; (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 139; Oxford English Dictionary Oxford English Dictionary (London: Oxford University Press, 1933), v. III, E-5960; Charles Sherrington, (London: Oxford University Press, 1933), v. III, E-5960; Charles Sherrington, Man on His Nature Man on His Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), 278; James Madison, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), 278; James Madison, Federalist Federalist No. 10 (1788); Charles Kendall Adams, as quoted in Irwin Wyllie, No. 10 (1788); Charles Kendall Adams, as quoted in Irwin Wyllie, The Self-Made Man in America The Self-Made Man in America (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1954), 158; Irving Bernstein, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1954), 158; Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 19201933 The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 19201933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 31617; Daniel Rodgers, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 31617; Daniel Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 18501920 The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 18501920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 125. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 125.

2. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 8487, 9495, 207, 162, 165; Walter Goodman, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 8487, 9495, 207, 162, 165; Walter Goodman, The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the House Committee on Un-American Activities House Committee on Un-American Activities (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1968); Pells, (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1968); Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams, 77, 46, 73, 28, 76, 111, 98, 117, 101, 55, 13840, 125, 116, 66, 25, 12627, 108, 12025, 13233, 139, 80; Edmund Wilson, "Foster and Fish," The New Republic The New Republic, 65 (Dec. 14, 1930), 162; Stuart Chase, "Skilled Work and No Work," The New Republic The New Republic, 58 (March 20, 1929), 123; Samuel Schmalhausen, "Psychoanalysis and Communism," Modern Quarterly Modern Quarterly, 6 (Summer 1932), 6369, and "Psychological Portrait of Modern Civilization," Modern Quarterly Modern Quarterly, 6 (Autumn 1932), 8595, as quoted in Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams, 100; Hook, From Hegel to Marx From Hegel to Marx, 161; Sidney Hook, Towards the Understanding of Karl Marx Towards the Understanding of Karl Marx (New York: Day, 1933), 99101; Charles Beard, "The Educator in the Quest for National Security," (New York: Day, 1933), 99101; Charles Beard, "The Educator in the Quest for National Security," Social Frontier Social Frontier, 1 (April 1935), 14, as quoted in Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams, 115; Edmund Wilson, "An Appeal to Progressives," The New Republic The New Republic, 65 (Jan. 14, 1931), 238; Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934), 392, as quoted in Pells, (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934), 392, as quoted in Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams, 108; Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society Moral Man and Immoral Society (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932), 23138. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932), 23138.

3. George Henry Melcher, Topanga, Calif., to FDR, Feb. 19, 1934, CWA Central Files, Box 55, National Archives; "A lover of the poor," Hudson, N.Y., to ER, March 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 91; Pat Geer, Lakin, Kans., to Sen. George McGill (D-Kans.), March 30, 1934, CWA Files, Box 54; H. S. Avery, Minneapolis, Minn., to ER, Jan. 4, 1934, ER Papers, Box 2676, FDR Library; "One of the unemployed," Arkansas, to Harry Hopkins, July 4, 1935, FERA Files, Box 89; "UNEMPLOYED WELL-WISHERS," Tacoma, Wash., to FDR, Sept. 29, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88; "A W.P.A. Worker," Lincoln, Neb., to Hopkins, July 21, 1936, FERA Files, Box 86; "A House Wife," Columbus, Ohio, to FDR, Feb. 8, 1935, FERA Files, Box 91; "We the Workers of thes Projects," Birmingham, Ala., to FDR, March 2, 1936, FERA Files, Box 87; Mary Owsley, Peggy Terry, Louis Banks, Kitty McCulloch, in Studs Terkel, George Henry Melcher, Topanga, Calif., to FDR, Feb. 19, 1934, CWA Central Files, Box 55, National Archives; "A lover of the poor," Hudson, N.Y., to ER, March 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 91; Pat Geer, Lakin, Kans., to Sen. George McGill (D-Kans.), March 30, 1934, CWA Files, Box 54; H. S. Avery, Minneapolis, Minn., to ER, Jan. 4, 1934, ER Papers, Box 2676, FDR Library; "One of the unemployed," Arkansas, to Harry Hopkins, July 4, 1935, FERA Files, Box 89; "UNEMPLOYED WELL-WISHERS," Tacoma, Wash., to FDR, Sept. 29, 1935, FERA Files, Box 88; "A W.P.A. Worker," Lincoln, Neb., to Hopkins, July 21, 1936, FERA Files, Box 86; "A House Wife," Columbus, Ohio, to FDR, Feb. 8, 1935, FERA Files, Box 91; "We the Workers of thes Projects," Birmingham, Ala., to FDR, March 2, 1936, FERA Files, Box 87; Mary Owsley, Peggy Terry, Louis Banks, Kitty McCulloch, in Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: Pantheon, 1970), 46, 47, 41, 39; (New York: Pantheon, 1970), 46, 47, 41, 39; Fortune Fortune surveys, July 1935 and Oct. 1937, in Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds., surveys, July 1935 and Oct. 1937, in Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds., Public Opinion Public Opinion, 19351946 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 1040, 1041.

4. Pete Seeger, interview with the author, July 1, 1981, Holmdel, N.J.; Andrew Bergman, Pete Seeger, interview with the author, July 1, 1981, Holmdel, N.J.; Andrew Bergman, We're in the Money: Depression America and its Films We're in the Money: Depression America and its Films (New York: New York University Press, 1971; reprint ed., Harper & Row, 1972), xi, xvi, 16769, 610, 15, 9396; Gerald Mast, A (New York: New York University Press, 1971; reprint ed., Harper & Row, 1972), xi, xvi, 16769, 610, 15, 9396; Gerald Mast, A Short History of the Movies Short History of the Movies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971; 3d ed., 1981), 21819; Siegfried Kracauer, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971; 3d ed., 1981), 21819; Siegfried Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler From Caligari to Hitler (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 5; John Kenneth Galbraith, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 5; John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash: 1929 The Great Crash: 1929 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954; 3d ed., 1972), 120; Charles R. Hearn, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954; 3d ed., 1972), 120; Charles R. Hearn, The American Dream in the Great Depression The American Dream in the Great Depression (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977), 78; Frederick Lewis Allen, Since (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977), 78; Frederick Lewis Allen, Since Yesterday Yesterday (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940), 22324; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "When the Movies Really Counted," (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940), 22324; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "When the Movies Really Counted," Show Show, 3 (April 1963), 77; Our Daily Bread Our Daily Bread (1934, King Vidor, United Artists); Robert Warshow, "The Gangster as Tragic Hero," in Warshow, (1934, King Vidor, United Artists); Robert Warshow, "The Gangster as Tragic Hero," in Warshow, The Immediate Experience The Immediate Experience (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 12733; (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 12733; Little Caesar Little Caesar (1930, Mervyn Le Roy, Warner Brothers); Robert Sklar, (1930, Mervyn Le Roy, Warner Brothers); Robert Sklar, Movie-Made America: A Social History of American Movie-Made America: A Social History of American Movies (New York: Random House, 1975), 17981; Pells, Movies (New York: Random House, 1975), 17981; Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams, 27071, 27374; Dwight MacDonald, "Notes on Hollywood Directors, Part II," Symposium Symposium (July 1933), 29394; (July 1933), 29394; Corsair Corsair (1931, Roland West, United Artists); (1931, Roland West, United Artists); Public Enemy Public Enemy (1931, William Wellman, Warner Brothers); L. Glen Seretan, "Social Banditry in Depression America" (paper delivered at 1980 annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians, San Francisco); Eric Hobsbawm, (1931, William Wellman, Warner Brothers); L. Glen Seretan, "Social Banditry in Depression America" (paper delivered at 1980 annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians, San Francisco); Eric Hobsbawm, Bandits Bandits (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 1314, 1923, 3436, 10915; Joe Klein, (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 1314, 1923, 3436, 10915; Joe Klein, Woody Guthrie: A Life Woody Guthrie: A Life (New York: Knopf, 1980), 12324; Alan Lomax, Woody Guthrie, and Pete Seeger, eds., (New York: Knopf, 1980), 12324; Alan Lomax, Woody Guthrie, and Pete Seeger, eds., Hard-Hitting Songs for Hard-Hit People Hard-Hitting Songs for Hard-Hit People (New York: Oak Pubns., 1967), 11415; E. J. Hobsbawm, (New York: Oak Pubns., 1967), 11415; E. J. Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels Primitive Rebels (New York: Norton, 1959), 28; (New York: Norton, 1959), 28; I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang (1932, Mervyn Le Roy, Warner Brothers); (1932, Mervyn Le Roy, Warner Brothers); Scarface ( Scarface (1932, Howard Hawks, United Artists); John Baxter, Hollywood in the Thirties Hollywood in the Thirties (New York: Barnes, 1968), 59; Lewis Jacobs, (New York: Barnes, 1968), 59; Lewis Jacobs, The Rise of American Film The Rise of American Film (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939; Teachers College Press, 1968), 486. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939; Teachers College Press, 1968), 486.

5. Freaks Freaks (1932, Tod Browning, MGM); (1932, Tod Browning, MGM); Gold Diggers of Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933, Mervyn Le Roy, Warner Brothers); 1933 (1933, Mervyn Le Roy, Warner Brothers); Footlight Parade Footlight Parade (1933, Lloyd Bacon, Warner Brothers); Bergman, (1933, Lloyd Bacon, Warner Brothers); Bergman, We're in the Money We're in the Money, 6265, 3238; 42nd Street 42nd Street (1933, Lloyd Bacon, Warner Brothers); Pells, (1933, Lloyd Bacon, Warner Brothers); Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams, 282; Three Little Pigs Three Little Pigs (1933, Walt Disney); Sklar, (1933, Walt Disney); Sklar, Movie-Made America Movie-Made America, 204, 18284.

6. Sklar, Sklar, Movie-Made America Movie-Made America, 175, 192; Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams, 27879; Bergman, We're in the Money We're in the Money, 8388, 119, 14960; Bullets or Ballots Bullets or Ballots (1936, William Keighly, Warner Brothers); (1936, William Keighly, Warner Brothers); G-Men G-Men (1935, William Keighly, Warner Brothers); (1935, William Keighly, Warner Brothers); Crime School Crime School (1938, Louis Seiler, Warner Brothers); (1938, Louis Seiler, Warner Brothers); The President Vanishes The President Vanishes (1934, William Wellman, Paramount); A (1934, William Wellman, Paramount); A Tale of Two Cities Tale of Two Cities (1935, Jack Conway, MGM); (1935, Jack Conway, MGM); Barbary Coast Barbary Coast (1935, Howard Hawks, United Artists); Baxter, (1935, Howard Hawks, United Artists); Baxter, Hollywood in the Thirties Hollywood in the Thirties, 95; Dead End Dead End (1937, William Wyler, United Artists); (1937, William Wyler, United Artists); The Great O'Malley The Great O'Malley (1937, William Dieterle, Warner Brothers); (1937, William Dieterle, Warner Brothers); Angels with Dirty Faces Angels with Dirty Faces (1938, Michael Curtiz, Warner Brothers). (1938, Michael Curtiz, Warner Brothers).

7. It Happened One Night It Happened One Night (1934, Frank Capra, Columbia); Bergman, (1934, Frank Capra, Columbia); Bergman, We're in the Money We're in the Money, 13334, 13839, 145; Sklar, Movie-Made America Movie-Made America, 207, 211, 19192; Lady for a Day Lady for a Day (1933, Frank Capra, Columbia); (1933, Frank Capra, Columbia); Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936, Frank Capra, Columbia); (1936, Frank Capra, Columbia); Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939, Frank Capra, Columbia); (1939, Frank Capra, Columbia); You Can't Take It With You You Can't Take It With You (1938, Frank Capra, Columbia); Pells, (1938, Frank Capra, Columbia); Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams Radical Visions and American Dreams, 27881, 215; Stagecoach Stagecoach (1939, John Ford, 20th Century-Fox); Mast, (1939, John Ford, 20th Century-Fox); Mast, Short History of the Movies Short History of the Movies, 24344; The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath (1940, John Ford, 20th Century-Fox); John Steinbeck, (1940, John Ford, 20th Century-Fox); John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath (New York: Viking, 1939; Penguin, 1976), 463; (New York: Viking, 1939; Penguin, 1976), 463; How Green Was My Valley How Green Was My Valley (1941, John Ford, 20th Century-Fox); Michael C. Steiner, "Regionalism and the Larger Society: The Need for a Sense of Place During the Great Depression" (paper delivered at the 1981 meeting of the American Studies Association, Memphis), 7, 18, 9; James D. Hart, (1941, John Ford, 20th Century-Fox); Michael C. Steiner, "Regionalism and the Larger Society: The Need for a Sense of Place During the Great Depression" (paper delivered at the 1981 meeting of the American Studies Association, Memphis), 7, 18, 9; James D. Hart, The Popular Book The Popular Book (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 25556; Warren I. Susman, "The Thirties," in Stanley Coben and Lorman Ratner, eds., (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 25556; Warren I. Susman, "The Thirties," in Stanley Coben and Lorman Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture The Development of an American Culture (2d ed., New York: St. Martin's, 1983), 236, 245; John Dos Passos, (2d ed., New York: St. Martin's, 1983), 236, 245; John Dos Passos, The Ground We Stand On The Ground We Stand On (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1941), 3; (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1941), 3; Racket Busters Racket Busters (1938, Lloyd Bacon, Warner Brothers). (1938, Lloyd Bacon, Warner Brothers).

8. Fortune Fortune surveys, July 1935 and Oct. 1936, in Cantril and Strunk, surveys, July 1935 and Oct. 1936, in Cantril and Strunk, Public Opinion, 19351946 Public Opinion, 19351946, 893, 439; Arthur W. Kornhauser, "Attitudes of Economic Groups," Public Opinion Quarterly, 2 Public Opinion Quarterly, 2 (April 1938), 26165; W. Smith, Sharon, Conn., to FDR, July 5, 1935, PPF 200B, Box 45; Ellen Goodman, "The Contrast Is Too Great," (April 1938), 26165; W. Smith, Sharon, Conn., to FDR, July 5, 1935, PPF 200B, Box 45; Ellen Goodman, "The Contrast Is Too Great," The Boston Globe The Boston Globe, Jan. 11, 1983.

CHAPTER 10.

THUNDER ON THE LEFT.

1. Irving Bernstein, Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 19331941 Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 19331941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 21852, 26198, 25259; Russell Baker, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 21852, 26198, 25259; Russell Baker, Growing Up Growing Up (New York: Congdon & Weed, 1982), 86; Anne Ross, "Labor Unity in Minneapolis," (New York: Congdon & Weed, 1982), 86; Anne Ross, "Labor Unity in Minneapolis," The New Republic The New Republic, 79 (July 25, 1934), 28486; "Revolt in the Northwest," Fortune Fortune, 13 (April 1936); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 38789; Herbert Solow, "War in Minneapolis," (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 38789; Herbert Solow, "War in Minneapolis," The Nation The Nation, 139 (Aug. 8, 1934), 16061; Anne Ross, "Minnesota Sets Some Precedents," The New Republic The New Republic, 80 (Sept. 12, 1934), 12123; Samuel Yellen, American Labor Struggles American Labor Struggles (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), 33035; Robert Cantwell, "San Francisco: Act One," (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), 33035; Robert Cantwell, "San Francisco: Act One," The New Republic The New Republic, 79 (July 25, 1934), 280; Charles A. Madison, American Labor Leaders American Labor Leaders (2d ed., New York: Ungar, 1962), 40433; Donald MacKenzie Brown, "Dividends and Stevedores," (2d ed., New York: Ungar, 1962), 40433; Donald MacKenzie Brown, "Dividends and Stevedores," Scribner's Scribner's, 97 (Jan. 1935), 5256; Memoranda on conversations between James A. Moffett and Marvin McIntyre, July 14, July 16, July 17, 1934, Frances Perkins to FDR, July 17, 1934, and Radio Washington to Naval Aide to the President, all in FDR Official File 407-B, Box 25, FDR Library; Robert Cantwell, "War on the West Coast: The Gentlemen of San Francisco," The New Republic The New Republic, 79 (Aug. 1, 1934), 30810.

2. The New York Times The New York Times, Nov. 6, 1934; Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Knopf, 1982), 204; Louis Adamic, "La Follette Progressives Face the Future," (New York: Knopf, 1982), 204; Louis Adamic, "La Follette Progressives Face the Future," The Nation The Nation, 140 (Feb. 20, 1935), 21314; The Unofficial Observer (J. Franklin Carter), American Messiahs American Messiahs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1935), 11114; Donald R. McCoy, "The Formation of the Wisconsin Progressive Party in 1934," (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1935), 11114; Donald R. McCoy, "The Formation of the Wisconsin Progressive Party in 1934," Historian Historian, 14 (Autumn 1951), 7287; McCoy, Angry Voices: Left-of-Center Politics in the New Deal Era Angry Voices: Left-of-Center Politics in the New Deal Era (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1958), 4649; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1958), 4649; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 10608; Edward N. Doan, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 10608; Edward N. Doan, The La Follettes and the Wisconsin Idea The La Follettes and the Wisconsin Idea (New York: Rinehart, 1947), 181, 171, 186, 18889; Wisconsin Secretary of State, (New York: Rinehart, 1947), 181, 171, 186, 18889; Wisconsin Secretary of State, Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin, 1935 (Madison: Wisconsin Department of State, 1935), 618; Louis Adamic, "A Talk with Phil La Follette," The Nation The Nation, 140 (Feb. 27, 1935), 244; Michael Paul Rogin, The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967), 7576, 78, 82. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967), 7576, 78, 82.

3. George H. Mayer, George H. Mayer, The Political Career of Floyd B. Olson The Political Career of Floyd B. Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1951), 1725, 239, 416, 2036, 4356, 7677, 9296, 10809, 13233, 142, 149, 280301; Schlesinger, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1951), 1725, 239, 416, 2036, 4356, 7677, 9296, 10809, 13233, 142, 149, 280301; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 99, 101; Herbert Lefkowitz, "Olson: Radical and Proud of It," Review of Reviews Review of Reviews, 91 (May 1935), 40; John Janney, "Minnesota's Enigma," American Magazine American Magazine, 120 (Sept. 1935), 10709, Charles Rumford Walker, American City: A Rank-and-File History American City: A Rank-and-File History (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1937; reprint ed., Arno, 1971), 6667; McCoy, (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1937; reprint ed., Arno, 1971), 6667; McCoy, Angry Voices Angry Voices, 55, 79; The New York Times The New York Times, Dec. 10, 1934; Carter, American Messiahs American Messiahs, 9799; Charles R. Walker, "Governor Olson's Last Interview," The Nation The Nation, 144 (March 20, 1937), 319; State of Minnesota, "Abstract of Votes Polled for State Officers by Counties," 1934, 1936, provided by the office of the Secretary of State, St. Paul.

4. Upton Sinclair, Upton Sinclair, I, Governor of California, And How I Ended Poverty: A True Story of the Future I, Governor of California, And How I Ended Poverty: A True Story of the Future (Los Angeles: Sinclair, 1933), 6, 59, 1317; Sinclair, (Los Angeles: Sinclair, 1933), 6, 59, 1317; Sinclair, I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked (Pasadena: Sinclair, 1934), 67, 22, 2930, 34, 66, 44, 5257, 4547, 64, 156, 9798; Clarence McIntosh, "Upton Sinclair and the EPIC Movement, 19331936" ( (Pasadena: Sinclair, 1934), 67, 22, 2930, 34, 66, 44, 5257, 4547, 64, 156, 9798; Clarence McIntosh, "Upton Sinclair and the EPIC Movement, 19331936" (PH.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1955), 5354, 14445, 13134, 15258, 9495, 8990, 233, 263, 32223, 159, 225; E. P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century," Past and Present Past and Present, no. 50 (Feb. 1971), 76136; Norman Thomas to Upton Sinclair, May 1, 1934, and Jerry Voorhis, San Dimas, California, to Thomas, April 2, 1934, both in Norman Thomas Papers, Box 10, New York Public Library; Bernard K. Johnpoll, Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1970), 13537; Daniel Bell, (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1970), 13537; Daniel Bell, Marxian Socialism in the United States Marxian Socialism in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 16162; Upton Sinclair, "End Poverty in Civilization," (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 16162; Upton Sinclair, "End Poverty in Civilization," The Nation The Nation, 139 (Sept. 26, 1934), 351; Arnold Peter Biella, "Upton Sinclair: Crusader" (PH.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1954), 24648; California Secretary of State, Statement of Vote at Primary Election Held on August 28, 1934 Statement of Vote at Primary Election Held on August 28, 1934 (Sacramento: State of California, 1934), 47; Louis Ashlock, San Francisco, to Lorena Hickok, Nov. 24, 1934, Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 67, FDR Library; Charles E. Larsen, "The EPIC Campaign of 1934," (Sacramento: State of California, 1934), 47; Louis Ashlock, San Francisco, to Lorena Hickok, Nov. 24, 1934, Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 67, FDR Library; Charles E. Larsen, "The EPIC Campaign of 1934," Pacific Historical Review Pacific Historical Review, 27 (May 1958), 12747; The New York Times The New York Times, Nov. 8, 1934; Upton Sinclair, "The Future of EPIC," The Nation The Nation, 139 (Nov. 28, 1934), 61617; Upton Sinclair, The Lie Factory Starts The Lie Factory Starts (Pasadena: Sinclair, 1934); Schlesinger, (Pasadena: Sinclair, 1934); Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 120.

5.Raymond Gram Swing, Forerunners of American Fascism Forerunners of American Fascism (New York: Messner, 1935), 40, 45, and (New York: Messner, 1935), 40, 45, and passim.; passim.; Schlesinger, Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 69, 20; Brinkley, Voices of Protest Voices of Protest, 196203, 208, 135, 137, 17879, 191, 113, 14344, 187, 12426, 259; David H. Bennett, Demagogues in the Depression: American Radicals and the Union Party Demagogues in the Depression: American Radicals and the Union Party, 19321936 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1969), 3234, 5455, 43, 41, 38, 7879; Charles J. Tull, Father Coughlin and the New Deal Father Coughlin and the New Deal (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1965), 4, 68, 20, 41, 43, 96, 19, 52, 39, 96, 10203, 24344; Charles E. Coughlin, (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1965), 4, 68, 20, 41, 43, 96, 19, 52, 39, 96, 10203, 24344; Charles E. Coughlin, Eight Lectures on Labor, Capital and Justice Eight Lectures on Labor, Capital and Justice (Royal Oak, Mich.: Radio League of the Little Flower, 1934), 1011, 5657, 34; Sinclair, I, (Royal Oak, Mich.: Radio League of the Little Flower, 1934), 1011, 5657, 34; Sinclair, I, Candidate for Governor Candidate for Governor, 91; Sheldon Marcus, Father Coughlin: The Tumultuous Life of the Priest of the Little Flower Father Coughlin: The Tumultuous Life of the Priest of the Little Flower (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Charles E. Coughlin, A (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Charles E. Coughlin, A Series of Lectures on Social Justice Series of Lectures on Social Justice (Royal Oak, Mich.: Radio League of the Little Flower, 1935), 144; Jonathan Mitchell, "Father Coughlin's Children," (Royal Oak, Mich.: Radio League of the Little Flower, 1935), 144; Jonathan Mitchell, "Father Coughlin's Children," The New Republic The New Republic, 88, (Aug. 26, 1936), 7274; Gary Marx, "The Social Basis of the Support of a Depression Era Extremist: Father Coughlin" (Berkeley: University of California Survey Research Center, Monograph 7, 1962), 2, 1032, 40, 80, 10102, 109, 126; Robert S. McElvaine, "Thunder Without Lightning: Working-Class Discontent in the United States, 19291937" (PH.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 1974), 22731, 30506, n. 51.

6. Bennett, Bennett, Demagogues in the Depression Demagogues in the Depression, 153, 159, 17374, 168, 89, 175, 167; Abraham Holtzman, The Townsend Movement: A Political Study The Townsend Movement: A Political Study (New York: Bookman, 1963), 3536, 4445, 28, 39, 84, 48; Old Age Revolving Pensions, Ltd., (New York: Bookman, 1963), 3536, 4445, 28, 39, 84, 48; Old Age Revolving Pensions, Ltd., The Townsend Plan: National Recovery Program The Townsend Plan: National Recovery Program (Washington: OARP, Ltd., 2d ed., 1936), 45, 7, 70, 77, 35; Carter, (Washington: OARP, Ltd., 2d ed., 1936), 45, 7, 70, 77, 35; Carter, American Messiahs American Messiahs, 8687, 81, 88, 85; Swing, Forerunners of American Fascism Forerunners of American Fascism, 12729; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 38; American Institute of Public Opinion surveys, Dec. 14, 1935, March 7, March 14, 1936, in Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds., Public Opinion Public Opinion, 19351946 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 54142; "A Dem. A Voter. A Citizen by Birth. A White man & not Blessed with any Criminal record either," Pueblo, Colo., to Harry Hopkins, Feb. 6, 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 91, National Archives; Nancy Gresham, Eugene, Ore., to ER, Nov. 8, 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, Box 612, FDR Library.

7. Examples of anti-Long books are T. O. Harris, Examples of anti-Long books are T. O. Harris, The Kingfish: Huey The Kingfish: Huey P. P. Long, Dictator Long, Dictator (New York: Pelican, 1938) and Harnett T. Kane, (New York: Pelican, 1938) and Harnett T. Kane, Louisiana Hayride: The American Rehearsal for Dictatorship, 19281940 Louisiana Hayride: The American Rehearsal for Dictatorship, 19281940 (New York: Morrow, 1941). All previous works on Long were superseded by T. Harry Williams, (New York: Morrow, 1941). All previous works on Long were superseded by T. Harry Williams, Huey Long Huey Long (New York: Knopf, 1969), which is far more balanced than the older studies. Williams's monumental biography must, however, be classified as judiciously pro-Long. Alan Brinkley's (New York: Knopf, 1969), which is far more balanced than the older studies. Williams's monumental biography must, however, be classified as judiciously pro-Long. Alan Brinkley's Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Knopf, 1982) achieves greater objectivity and neutrality than any other study of Long. (New York: Knopf, 1982) achieves greater objectivity and neutrality than any other study of Long.

8. Schlesinger, Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 43, 5860, 66; Perry H. Howard, Political Tendencies in Louisiana, 18121952 Political Tendencies in Louisiana, 18121952 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1957), 11214, 12629; Williams, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1957), 11214, 12629; Williams, Huey Long Huey Long, 44, 60269, 742, 692, 70001, 69798, 6, 69394, 86476; Carter, American Messiahs American Messiahs, 20, 21, 2223; Brinkley, Voices of Protest Voices of Protest, 3334, 44, 149, 180, 7374, 208, 28486, 79, 69, 17475; Hugh Davis Graham, ed., Huey Long Huey Long (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), 56; Huey P. Long, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), 56; Huey P. Long, Every Man a King Every Man a King (New Orleans: National Book Co., 1933), 29091; Huey Long form letters, dated June 22, 1933, July 1, 1933, and undated, Huey Long Papers, Duke University Library, Durham, N.C.; (New Orleans: National Book Co., 1933), 29091; Huey Long form letters, dated June 22, 1933, July 1, 1933, and undated, Huey Long Papers, Duke University Library, Durham, N.C.; American Progress American Progress, March 29, 1934; Huey P. Long, Share Our Wealth Share Our Wealth (Washington, D.C., no publisher, n.d.), 35, 1, 14, 8, 31; Raymond Gram Swing, "The Menace of Huey Long: III. His Bid for National Power," (Washington, D.C., no publisher, n.d.), 35, 1, 14, 8, 31; Raymond Gram Swing, "The Menace of Huey Long: III. His Bid for National Power," The Nation The Nation, 140 (Jan. 23, 1935), 98100; Buel W. Patch, "National Wealth and National Income," Editorial Research Reports Editorial Research Reports, 1 (April 20, 1935), 287304; Robert R. Doane, The Measurement of American Wealth The Measurement of American Wealth (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1933), 25; Hodding Carter, "How Come Huey Long? I. Bogeyman," (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1933), 25; Hodding Carter, "How Come Huey Long? I. Bogeyman," The New Republic The New Republic, 82 (Feb. 13, 1935), 14; James A. Farley, Jim Farley's Jim Farley's Story: The Roosevelt Years Story: The Roosevelt Years (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948), 51; Rodney Dutcher, "Washington Daily Revue," Nov. 8, 1935, clipping in Long Papers, Duke; (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948), 51; Rodney Dutcher, "Washington Daily Revue," Nov. 8, 1935, clipping in Long Papers, Duke; Fortune Fortune surveys, July 1935 and October 1937, in Cantril and Strunk, eds., surveys, July 1935 and October 1937, in Cantril and Strunk, eds., Public Opinion Public Opinion, 104041; E. D. Sibley, letter to the editor, Arizona Daily Star Arizona Daily Star (Tucson), Jan. 25, 1933, clipping in Huey Long Scrapbooks, v. 19, Louisiana State University Library, Baton Rouge; Huey Long, (Tucson), Jan. 25, 1933, clipping in Huey Long Scrapbooks, v. 19, Louisiana State University Library, Baton Rouge; Huey Long, My First Days in the White House My First Days in the White House (Harrisburg, Pa.: Telegraph Press, 1935). (Harrisburg, Pa.: Telegraph Press, 1935).

9. The Reminiscences of Norman Thomas, part 1, p. 65, Columbia Oral History Project, as quoted in David A. Shannon, The Reminiscences of Norman Thomas, part 1, p. 65, Columbia Oral History Project, as quoted in David A. Shannon, The Socialist Party of America: A History The Socialist Party of America: A History (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 248; E. P. Thompson, (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 248; E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage, 1963), 624, 62627; Brinkley, (New York: Vintage, 1963), 624, 62627; Brinkley, Voices of Protest Voices of Protest, 206, 209, 106, 211, 193, 179, 150, 213, 14445, 6768, 74; Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Dimensions of Man Understanding Media: The Dimensions of Man (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 732, 297307; W. E. Warren, Montana, to FDR, Feb. 14, 1935, Official File 1403, FDR Library, as quoted in Brinkley, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 732, 297307; W. E. Warren, Montana, to FDR, Feb. 14, 1935, Official File 1403, FDR Library, as quoted in Brinkley, Voices of Protest Voices of Protest, 198.

CHAPTER 11.

"I'M THAT KIND OF LIBERAL BECAUSE I'M THAT KIND OF CONSERVATIVE"

1. Time, 25 (Feb. 18, 1935), 1415; Time, 25 (Feb. 18, 1935), 1415; The New York Times The New York Times, Oct. 25, 1934; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 44655, 48589; William E. Leuchtenburg, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 44655, 48589; William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin Franklin D. D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 9192; Frederick Lewis Allen, (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 9192; Frederick Lewis Allen, Since Yesterday: The 1930s in America Since Yesterday: The 1930s in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1939; Perennial Library, 1972), 192; George Wolfskill, (New York: Harper & Row, 1939; Perennial Library, 1972), 192; George Wolfskill, Revolt of the Conservatives: The American Liberty League Revolt of the Conservatives: The American Liberty League, 193340 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962); Elliot A. Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 26667; Otis L. Graham, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 26667; Otis L. Graham, Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 147. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 147.

2. Leuchtenburg, Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and New Deal Roosevelt and New Deal, 117; Charles A. Beard, "The President Loses Prestige," Current History Current History, 42 (April 1935), 6471; Martha Gellhorn, Report to Harry Hopkins from Camden, N.J., April 25, 1935, Hopkins Papers, Box 60, FDR Library; Anonymous, Chicago, Ill., to FDR, March 13, 1935, FERA Central Files, Box 91, National Archives; Joseph W. Churbock, Loyalhanna, Pa., to ER, March 4, 1935, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, Box 2697, FDR Library; Anonymous, Brooklyn, N.Y., to Hopkins, May 23, 1935, FERA, Box 91; "From a Democrat," Columbus, Ohio, to FDR, May 1935, FERA, Box 90; Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Knopf, 1982), 214. (New York: Knopf, 1982), 214.

3. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 30524, 272; Paul K. Conkin, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 30524, 272; Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal The New Deal (New York: Crowell, 1967; 2d ed., 1975), 64; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., (New York: Crowell, 1967; 2d ed., 1975), 64; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Roosevelt The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. IV, 23, 98103; Leuchtenburg, (New York: Russell & Russell, 193850), v. IV, 23, 98103; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 15657.

4. Edwin E. Witte, Edwin E. Witte, The Development of the Social Security Act The Development of the Social Security Act (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1962); Schlesinger, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1962); Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 30115; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 19001935 The Struggle for Social Security, 19001935 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968); George Martin, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968); George Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 341356; Conkin, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 341356; Conkin, The New Deal The New Deal, 5860; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 13133, 154, 165; Jackson Jackson (Miss.) (Miss.) Daily News Daily News, June 20, 1935; James T. Patterson, America's Struggle Against Poverty, 19001980 America's Struggle Against Poverty, 19001980 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 60, 6777. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 60, 6777.

5. Frances Perkins, Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), 30310; J. Joseph Huthmacher, (New York: Viking, 1946), 30310; J. Joseph Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (New York: Atheneum, 1968, 1971); Irving Bernstein, (New York: Atheneum, 1968, 1971); Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 19331941 Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 19331941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 32251; Bernstein, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 32251; Bernstein, The New Deal Collective Bargaining Policy The New Deal Collective Bargaining Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950), 84128; Schlesinger, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950), 84128; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 40306; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 15861.

6. Schlesinger, Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 32534; Raymond Moley, After Seven Years: A Political Analysis of the New Deal After Seven Years: A Political Analysis of the New Deal (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 30514; New York (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 30514; New York Herald Tribune Herald Tribune, June 23, 1935; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses Public Papers and Addresses, v. IV, 27077; Robert S. McElvaine, "The Effects of Economic Depression on Working-Class Attitudes: The 1930's," in Papers of the American Historical Association, 1977 Papers of the American Historical Association, 1977 (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1978); Joseph T. McKenna, Philadelphia, Pa., to FDR, n.d. (ca. June 1935), J. M. Salzer, Willows, Calif., to FDR, June 20, 1935, the Rev. Walter Moore, East Chicago, Ind., to FDR, n.d. (ca. June 1935), A. U. Shirk, Little Neck Hills, Long Island, N.Y., to FDR, June 21, 1935, H. M. Beeler, Philadelphia, Pa., to FDR, June 27, 1935, Enoch P. Philips, Eureka, Kans., to FDR, June 22, 1935, all in FDR Papers, President's Personal File, #200-B; "Reactions to Radio Addresses," Message to Congress, June 19, 1935, Box 45, FDR Library. (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1978); Joseph T. McKenna, Philadelphia, Pa., to FDR, n.d. (ca. June 1935), J. M. Salzer, Willows, Calif., to FDR, June 20, 1935, the Rev. Walter Moore, East Chicago, Ind., to FDR, n.d. (ca. June 1935), A. U. Shirk, Little Neck Hills, Long Island, N.Y., to FDR, June 21, 1935, H. M. Beeler, Philadelphia, Pa., to FDR, June 27, 1935, Enoch P. Philips, Eureka, Kans., to FDR, June 22, 1935, all in FDR Papers, President's Personal File, #200-B; "Reactions to Radio Addresses," Message to Congress, June 19, 1935, Box 45, FDR Library.

7. Moley, Moley, After Seven Years After Seven Years, 30014; Basil Rauch, The History of the New Deal, 19331938 The History of the New Deal, 19331938 (New York: Creative Age Press, 1944); Schlesinger, (New York: Creative Age Press, 1944); Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval Politics of Upheaval, 392408; Otis L. Graham, Jr., "Historians and the New Deals: 19441960," The Social Studies The Social Studies, 54 (April 1963), 13340; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt and the New Deal Roosevelt and the New Deal, 16266; William H. Wilson, "The Two New Deals: A Valid Concept?" Historian Historian, 28 (Feb. 1966), 26888; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust Hoover, Roosevelt and the Brains Trust, 11420; Sharecropper's Voice Sharecropper's Voice, July 1936, as quoted in Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal Coming of the New Deal, 379; Graham, Encore for Reform Encore for Reform, 92.

CHAPTER 12.