Burst, burst _or_ bursted, bursting, burst _or_ bursted.
Catch, caught _or_ catched, catching, caught _or_ catched.
Clothe, clothed _or_ clad, clothing, clothed _or_ clad.
Creep, crept _or_ creeped, creeping, crept _or_ creeped.
Crow, crowed _or_ crew, crowing, crowed.
Curse, cursed _or_ curst, cursing, cursed _or_ curst.
Dare, dared _or_ durst, daring, dared.
Deal, dealt _or_ dealed, dealing, dealt _or_ dealed.
Dig, dug _or_ digged, digging, dug _or_ digged.
Dive, dived _or_ dove, diving, dived _or_ diven.
Dream, dreamed _or_ dreamt, dreaming, dreamed _or_ dreamt.
Dress, dressed _or_ drest, dressing, dressed _or_ drest.
Dwell, dwelt _or_ dwelled, dwelling, dwelt _or_ dwelled.
Freeze, froze _or_ freezed, freezing, frozen _or_ freezed.
Geld, gelded _or_ gelt, gelding, gelded _or_ gelt.
Gild, gilded _or_ gilt, gilding, gilded _or_ gilt.
Gird, girded _or_ girt, girding, girded _or_ girt.
Grave, graved, graving, graved _or_ graven.
Grind, ground _or_ grinded, grinding, ground _or_ grinded.
Hang, hung _or_ hanged, hanging, hung _or_ hanged.
Heat, heated _or_ het, heating, heated _or_ het.
Heave, heaved _or_ hove, heaving, heaved _or_ hoven.
Hew, hewed, hewing, hewed _or_ hewn.
Kneel, kneeled _or_ knelt, kneeling, kneeled _or_ knelt.
Knit, knit _or_ knitted, knitting, knit _or_ knitted.
Lade, laded, lading, laded _or_ laden.
Lay, laid _or_ layed, laying, laid _or_ layed.
Lean, leaned _or_ leant, leaning, leaned _or_ leant.
Leap, leaped _or_ leapt, leaping, leaped _or_ leapt.[292]
Learn, learned _or_ learnt, learning, learned _or_ learnt.
Light, lighted _or_ lit, lighting, lighted _or_ lit.
Mean, meant _or_ meaned, meaning, meant _or_ meaned.
Mow, mowed, mowing, mowed _or_ mown.
Mulct, mulcted _or_ mulct, mulcting, mulcted _or_ mulct.
Pass, passed _or_ past, passing, passed _or_ past.
Pay, paid _or_ payed, paying, paid _or_ payed.
Pen, penned _or_ pent, penning, penned _or_ pent.
(to coop,) Plead, pleaded _or_ pled, pleading, pleaded _or_ pled.
Prove, proved, proving, proved _or_ proven.
Quit, quitted _or_ quit, quitting, quitted _or_ quit.[293]
Rap, rapped _or_ rapt, rapping, rapped _or_ rapt.
Reave, reft _or_ reaved, reaving, reft _or_ reaved.
Rive, rived, riving, riven _or_ rived.
Roast, roasted _or_ roast, roasting, roasted _or_ roast.
Saw, sawed, sawing, sawed _or_ sawn.
Seethe, seethed _or_ sod, seething, seethed _or_ sodden.
Shake, shook _or_ shaked, shaking, shaken _or_ shaked.
Shape, shaped, shaping, shaped _or_ shapen.
Shave, shaved, shaving, shaved _or_ shaven.
Shear, sheared _or_ shore, shearing, sheared _or_ shorn.
Shine, shined _or_ shone, shining, shined _or_ shone.
Show, showed, showing, showed _or_ shown.
Sleep, slept _or_ sleeped, sleeping, slept _or_ sleeped.
Slide, slid _or_ slided, sliding, slidden, slid, _or_ slided.
Slit, slitted _or_ slit, slitting, slitted _or_ slit.
Smell, smelled _or_ smelt, smelling, smelled _or_ smelt.
Sow, sowed, sowing, sowed _or_ sown.
Speed, sped _or_ speeded, speeding, sped _or_ speeded.
Spell, spelled _or_ spelt, spelling, spelled _or_ spelt.
Spill, spilled _or_ spilt, spilling, spilled _or_ spilt.
Split, split _or_ splitted, splitting, split _or_ splitted.[294]
Spoil, spoiled _or_ spoilt, spoiling, spoiled _or_ spoilt.
Stave, stove _or_ staved, staving, stove _or_ staved.
Stay, staid _or_ stayed, staying, staid _or_ stayed.
String, strung _or_ stringed, stringing, strung _or_ stringed.
Strive, strived _or_ strove, striving, strived _or_ striven.
Strow, strowed, strowing, strowed _or_ strown.
Sweat, sweated _or_ sweat, sweating, sweated _or_ sweat.
Sweep, swept _or_ sweeped, sweeping, swept _or_ sweeped.
Swell, swelled, swelling, swelled _or_ swollen.
Thrive, thrived _or_ throve, thriving, thrived _or_ thriven.
Throw, threw _or_ throwed, throwing, thrown _or_ throwed.
Wake, waked _or_ woke, waking, waked _or_ woke.
Wax, waxed, waxing, waxed _or_ waxen.
Weave, wove _or_ weaved, weaving, woven _or_ weaved.
Wed, wedded _or_ wed, wedding, wedded _or_ wed.
Weep, wept _or_ weeped, weeping, wept _or_ weeped.
Wet, wet _or_ wetted, wetting, wet _or_ wetted.
Whet, whetted _or_ whet, whetting, whetted _or_ whet.[295]
Wind, wound _or_ winded, winding, wound _or_ winded.
Wont, wont _or_ wonted, wonting, wont _or_ wonted.
Work, worked _or_ wrought, working, worked _or_ wrought.
Wring, wringed _or_ wrung, wringing, wringed _or_ wrung.[296]
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
A _defective verb_ is a verb that forms no participles, and is used in but few of the moods and tenses; as, _beware, ought, quoth_.
OBSERVATIONS.
OBS. 1. When any of the principal parts of a verb are wanting, the tenses usually derived from those parts are also, of course, wanting. All the auxiliaries, except _do, be_, and _have_, if we compare them with other verbs, are defective; but, _as auxiliaries_, they lack nothing; for no complete verb is used throughout as an auxiliary, except _be_. And since an auxiliary differs essentially from a principal verb, the propriety of referring _may, can, must_, and _shall_, to the class of defective verbs, is at least questionable. In parsing there is never any occasion to _call_ them defective verbs, because they are always taken together with their principals. And though we may technically say, that their participles are "_wanting_," it is manifest that none are _needed_.
OBS. 2. _Will_ is sometimes used as a principal verb, and as such it is regular and complete; _will, willed, willing, willed_: as, "His Majesty _willed_ that they should attend."--_Clarendon_. "He _wills_ for them a happiness of a far more exalted and enduring nature."--_Gurney_. "Whether thou _willest_ it to be a minister to our pleasure."--_Harris_. "I _will_; be thou clean."--_Luke_, v, 13. "Nevertheless, not as I _will_, but as thou _will_."--_Matt._, xxvi, 39. "To _will_ is present with me."--_Rom._, vii, 18. But _would_ is sometimes also a principal verb; as, "What _would_ this man?"--_Pope_. "Would God that all the Lord's people were prophets."--_Numb._, xi, 29. "And Israel _would_ none of me."--_Psalm_, lxxxi, 11. If we refer this indefinite preterit to the same root, _will_ becomes redundant; _will, willed_ or _would, willing, willed_. In respect to time, _would_ is less definite than _willed_, though both are called preterits. It is common, and perhaps best, to consider them distinct verbs.
The latter only can be a participle: as,
"How rarely does it meet with this time's guise, When man was _will'd_ to love his enemies!"--_Shakspeare_.
OBS. 3. The remaining defective verbs are only five or six questionable terms, which our grammarians know not well how else to explain; some of them being now nearly obsolete, and others never having been very proper.