"This would _make it impossible for a noun_, or any other _word_, ever _to be_ in the possessive case."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "A great part of our pleasure arises from _finding_ the plan or story well conducted."--_Dr.
Blair cor._ "And we have no reason to wonder _that this was_ the case."--_Id._ "She objected only, (as Cicero says,) to Oppianicus _as_ having two sons by his present wife."--_Id._ "_The subjugation of_ the Britons by the Saxons, was a necessary consequence of their _calling of_ these Saxons to their assistance."--_Id._ "What he had there said concerning the Saxons, _that they expelled_ the Britons, and _changed_ the customs, the religion, and the language of the country, is a clear and a good reason _why_ our present language _is_ Saxon, rather than British."--_Id._ "The only material difference between them, _except that_ the one _is_ short and the other _more_ prolonged, is, that a metaphor _is always explained_ by the words that are connected with it."--_Id. et Mur.
cor._ "The description of _Death_, advancing to meet Satan on his arrival."--_Rush cor._ "Is not the bare fact, _that_ God _is_ the witness of it, sufficient ground for its credibility to rest upon?"--_Chalmers cor._ "As in the case of one _who is_ entering upon a new study."--_Beattie cor._ "The manner _in which_ these _affect_ the copula, is called the imperative _mood_."--_Wilkins cor._ "We are freed from the trouble, _because_ our nouns _have scarcely any_ diversity of endings."--_Buchanan cor._ "The verb is rather indicative of the _action as_ being doing, or done, than _of_ the time _of the event_; but indeed the ideas are undistinguishable."--_Booth cor._ "Nobody would doubt _that_ this _is_ a sufficient proof."--_Campbell cor._ "Against the doctrine here maintained, _that_ conscience as well as reason, _is_ a natural faculty."--_Beattie cor._ "It is one cause _why_ the Greek and English languages _are_ much more easy to learn, than the Latin."--_Bucke cor._ "I have not been able to make out a solitary instance _in which_ such _has been_ the fact."--_Lib.
cor._ "An _angel_, forming the appearance of a hand, and writing the king's condemnation on the wall, checked their mirth, and filled them with terror."--_Wood cor._ "The _prisoners, in attempting_ to escape, aroused the keepers."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "I doubt not, in the least, _that_ this _has_ been one cause of the multiplication of divinities in the heathen world."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "From the general rule he lays down, _that the verb is_ the parent word of all language."--_Tooke cor._ "He was accused of being idle." Or: "He was accused of _idleness_."--_Felch cor._ "Our meeting is generally dissatisfied with him _for_ so removing." Or: "with _the circumstances of his removal_."--_Edmondson cor._ "The spectacle is too rare, of _men_ deserving solid fame while not seeking it."--_Bush cor._ "What further need was there _that_ an other priest _should rise_?"--_Heb._, vii, 11.
UNDER NOTE XI.--REFERENCE OF PARTICIPLES.
"Viewing them separately, _we experience_ different emotions." Or: "_Viewed_ separately, _they produce_ different emotions."--_Kames cor._ "But, _this being left_ doubtful, an other objection occurs."--_Id._ "_As he proceeded_ from one particular to an other, the subject grew under his hand."--_Id._ "But this is still an interruption, and a link of the chain _is_ broken."--_Id._ "After some _days_' hunting,--(or, After some days _spent in_ hunting,)--Cyrus communicated his design to his officers."--_Rollin cor._ "But it is made, without the appearance of _being made_ in form."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "These would have had a better effect, _had they been_ disjoined, thus."--_Blair and Murray cor._ "_In_ an improper diphthong, but one of the vowels _is_ sounded."--_Murray, Alger, et al. cor._ "And _I_ being led to think of both together, my view is rendered unsteady."--_Blair, Mur., and Jam. cor._ "By often doing the same thing, _we make the action_ habitual." Or: "_What is_ often _done_, becomes habitual."--_L. Murray cor._ "They remain with us in our dark and solitary hours, no less than when _we are_ surrounded with friends and cheerful society."--_Id._ "Besides _showing_ what is right, _one may further explain_ the matter by pointing out what is wrong."--_Lowth cor._ "The former teaches the true pronunciation of words, _and comprises_ accent, quantity, emphasis, _pauses_, and _tones_."--_L. Murray cor._ "_A person may reprove others_ for their negligence, by saying, 'You have taken great care indeed.'"--_Id._ "The _word_ preceding and _the word_ following it, are in apposition to each other."--_Id._ "_He_ having finished his speech, the assembly dispersed."--_Cooper cor._ "Were the voice to fall at the close of the last line, as many a reader is in the habit of _allowing it to do_."--_Kirkham cor._ "The misfortunes of his countrymen were but negatively the effects of his wrath, _which only deprived_ them of his assistance."--_Kames cor._ "Taking them as nouns, _we may explain_ this construction thus."--_Grant cor._ "These have an active signification, _except_ those which come from neuter verbs."--_Id._ "From _its evidence_ not being universal." Or: "From the _fact that its evidence is not_ universal."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "And this faith will continually grow, _as we acquaint_ ourselves with our own nature."--_Channing cor._ "Monosyllables ending with any consonant but _f, l_, or _s_, never double the final consonant, _when it is preceded by a single vowel_; except _add, ebb_," &c.--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 23. Or: "_Words_ ending with any consonant except _f, l_, or _s_, do not double the final letter.
Exceptions. Add, ebb, &c."--_Bullions's E. Gram._, p. 3. (See my 2d Rule for Spelling, of which this is a partial copy.) "The relation of _Maria as_ being the object of the action, is expressed by the change of the noun _Maria_ to _Mariam_;" [i. e., in the _Latin_ language.]--_Booth cor._ "In analyzing a proposition, _one must_ first _divide it_ into its logical subject and predicate."--_Andrews and Stoddard cor._ "In analyzing a simple sentence, _one_ should first _resolve it_ into its logical subject and logical predicate."--_Wells cor._
UNDER NOTE XII.--OF PARTICIPLES AND NOUNS.
"The _instant discovery of_ passions at their birth, is essential to our well-being."--_Kames cor._ "I am now to enter on _a consideration of_ the sources of the pleasures of taste."--_Blair cor._ "The varieties in _the use of_ them are indeed many."--_Murray cor._ "_The_ changing _of_ times and seasons, _the_ removing and _the setting-up_ of kings, belong to Providence alone."--_Id._ "_Adherence_ to the partitions, seemed the cause of France; _acceptance of_ the will, that of the house of Bourbon."--_Bolingbroke cor._ "An other source of darkness in _composition_, is the injudicious introduction of technical words and phrases."--_Campbell cor._ "These are the rules of grammar; by observing which, you may avoid mistakes."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "By observing the rules, you may avoid mistakes."--_Alger cor._ "By observing these rules, he succeeded."--_Frost cor._ "_The praise bestowed on him_ was his ruin."--_Id._ "_Deception_ is not _convincement_."--_Id._ "He never feared _the loss_ of a friend."--_Id._ "_The_ making _of_ books is his amusement."--_Alger cor._ "We call it _the_ declining--(or, _the declension_--) _of_ a noun."--_Ingersoll cor._ "Washington, however, pursued the same policy of neutrality, and opposed firmly _the_ taking _of_ any part in the wars of Europe."--_Hall and Baker cor._ "The following is a note of Interrogation, or _of a_ question: (?)."--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._ "The following is a note of Admiration, or _of_ wonder: (!)."--_Id._ "_The use or omission of_ the article A forms a nice distinction in the sense."--_Murray cor._ "_The_ placing _of_ the preposition before the word, _which_ it governs, is more graceful."--_Churchill cor._ (See _Lowth's Gram._, p. 96; _Murray's_, i, 200; _Fisk's_, 141; _Smith's_, 167.) "Assistance is absolutely necessary to their recovery, and _the_ retrieving _of_ their affairs."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "Which termination, [_ish_,] when added to adjectives, imports diminution, or _a_ lessening of the quality."--_Mur. and Kirkham cor._ "After what _has been_ said, will it be thought _an excess of refinement_, to suggest that the different orders are qualified for different purposes?"--_Kames cor._ "Who has nothing to think of, but _the_ killing _of_ time."--_West cor._ "It requires no nicety of ear, as in the distinguishing of tones, or _the_ measuring _of_ time."--_Sheridan cor._ "The _possessive case_ [is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which] denotes possession, or _the relation of property_."--_S. R. Hall cor._
UNDER NOTE XIII.--PERFECT PARTICIPLES.
"Garcilasso was master of the language _spoken_ by the Incas."--_Robertson cor._ "When an interesting story is _broken_ off in the middle."--_Kames cor._ "Speaking of Hannibal's elephants _driven_ back by the enemy."--_Id._ "If Du Ryer had not _written_ for bread, he would have equalled them."--_Formey cor._ "Pope describes a rock _broken_ off from a mountain, and hurling to the plain."--_Kames cor._ "I have written, Thou hast written, He hath or has written; &c."--_Ash and Maltby cor._ "This was _spoken_ by a pagan."--_Webster cor._ "But I have _chosen_ to follow the common arrangement."--_Id._ "The language _spoken_ in Bengal."--_Id._ "And sound sleep thus _broken_ off with _sudden_ alarms, is apt enough to discompose any one."--_Locke cor._ "This is not only the case of those open sinners before _spoken_ of."--_Leslie cor._ "Some grammarians have written a very perplexed and difficult doctrine on Punctuation."--_Ensell cor._ "There hath a pity _arisen_ in me towards thee."--_G. Fox Jun. cor._ "Abel is the only man that has _undergone_ the awful change of death."--_De Genlis, Death of Adam_.
"Meantime, on Afric's glowing sands, _Smit_ with keen heat, the traveller stands."--_Ode cor._
CHAPTER VIII.--ADVERBS.
CORRECTIONS UNDER THE NOTES TO RULE XXI.
UNDER NOTE I.--THE PLACING OF ADVERBS.
"_Not_ all that is favoured by good use, is proper to be retained."--_L.
Murray corrected._ "_Not_ everything favoured by good use, is on that account worthy to be retained."--_Campbell cor._ "Most men dream, but _not_ all."--_Beattie cor._ "By hasty composition, we shall _certainly_ acquire a very bad style."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The comparisons are short, touching on _only_ one point of resemblance."--_Id._ "Having _once_ had some considerable object set before us."--_Id._ "The positive seems to be _improperly_ called a degree." [543]--_Adam and Gould cor._ "In some phrases, the genitive _only_ is used."--_Iid._ "This blunder is said to have _actually_ occurred."--_Smith cor._ "But _not_ every man is called James, nor every woman, Mary."--_Buchanan cor._ "Crotchets are employed for _nearly_ the same purpose as the parenthesis."--_Churchill cor._ "There is a _still_ greater impropriety in a double comparative."--_Priestley cor._ "We often have occasion to speak of time."--_Lowth cor._ "The following sentence cannot _possibly_ be understood."--_Id._ "The words must _generally_ be separated from the context."--_Comly cor._ "Words ending in _ator, generally_ have the accent on the penultimate."--_L. Mur. cor._ "The learned languages, with respect to voices, moods, and tenses, are, in general, constructed _differently_ from the English tongue."--_Id._ "Adverbs seem to have been _originally_ contrived to express compendiously, in one word, what must otherwise have required two or more."--_Id._ "But it is so, _only_ when the expression can be converted into the regular form of the possessive case."--_Id._ "'Enter _boldly_,' says he, 'for here too there are gods.'"--_Harris cor._ "For none _ever_ work for so little a pittance that some cannot be found to work for less."--_Sedgwick cor._ "For sinners also lend to sinners, to receive _again_ as much."--_Bible cor._ Or, as Campbell has it in his version:--"_that they may_ receive as much _in return_."--_Luke_, vi, 34. "They must be viewed in _exactly_ the same light."--_L. Murray cor._ "If he _speaks but_ to display his abilities, he is unworthy of attention."--_Id._
UNDER NOTE II.--ADVERBS FOR ADJECTIVES.
"_Upward_ motion is commonly more agreeable than motion _downward_."--_Dr.
Blair cor._ "There are but two _possible_ ways of justification before God."--_Cox cor._ "This construction sounds rather _harsh_."--_Mur. and Ing. cor._ "A clear conception, in the mind of the learner, of _regular_ and well-formed letters."--_C. S. Jour. cor._ "He was a great hearer of * *
* Attalus, Sotion, Papirius, Fabianus, of whom he makes _frequent_ mention."--_L'Estrange cor._ "It is only the _frequent_ doing of a thing, that makes it a custom."--_Leslie cor._ "Because W. R. takes _frequent_ occasion to insinuate his jealousies of persons and things."--_Barclay cor._ "Yet _frequent_ touching will wear gold."--_Shak. cor._ "Uneducated persons frequently use an _adverb_ when they ought to use an _adjective_: as, 'The country looks _beautifully_;' in stead of _beautiful_." [544]-- _Bucke cor._ "The adjective is put _absolute_, or without its substantive."--_Ash cor._ "A noun or _a_ pronoun in the second person, may be put _absolute_ in the nominative case."--_Harrison cor._ "A noun or _a_ pronoun, when put _absolute_ with a participle," &c.--_Id. and Jaudon cor._ "A verb in the infinitive mood absolute, stands _independent_ of the remaining part of the sentence."--_Wilbur and Liv. cor._ "At my _late_ return into England, I met a book _entitled_, 'The Iron Age.'"--_Cowley cor._ "But he can discover no better foundation for any of them, than the _mere_ practice of Homer and Virgil."--_Kames cor._
UNDER NOTE III.--HERE FOR HITHER, &C.
"It is reported, that the _governor_ will come _hither_ to-morrow."--_Kirkham cor._ "It has been reported that the _governor_ will come _hither_ to-morrow."--_Id._ "To catch a prospect of that lovely land _whither_ his steps are tending."--_Maturin cor._ "Plautus makes one of his characters ask _an other, whither_ he is going with that Vulcan shut up in a horn; that is, with a _lantern_ in his hand."--_Adams cor._ "When we left Cambridge we intended to return _thither_ in a few days."--_Anon. cor._ "Duncan comes _hither_ to-night."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 323. "They talked of returning _hither_ last week."--See _J. M. Putnam's Gram._, p.
129.
UNDER NOTE IV.--FROM HENCE, &C.
"Hence he concludes, that no inference can be drawn from the meaning of the word, that a _constitution_ has a higher authority than a law or statute,"--_Webster cor._ "Whence we may likewise date the period of this event."--_L. Murray cor._ "Hence it becomes evident that LANGUAGE, taken in the most comprehensive view, implies certain sounds, [or certain written signs,] having certain meanings."--_Harris cor._ "They returned to the city whence they came out."--_A. Murray cor._ "Respecting ellipses, some grammarians differ strangely in their ideas; and thence has arisen a very whimsical diversity in their systems of grammar."--_G. Brown_. "What am I, and whence? That is, What am I, and whence _am I_?"--_Jaudon cor._
UNDER NOTE V.--THE ADVERB HOW.
"It is strange, _that_ a writer so accurate as Dean Swift, should have stumbled on so improper an application of this particle."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Ye know, _that_ a good while ago God made choice among us," &c.--_Bible cor._ "Let us take care _lest_ we sin; i.e.,--_that_ we _do not_ sin."--_Priestley cor._ "We see by these instances, _that_ prepositions may be necessary, to connect _such_ words _as_ are not naturally connected _by_ their _own_ signification."--_L. Murray cor._ "Know ye not your own selves, _that_ Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates?"--_Bible cor._ "That thou _mayst_ know _that_ the earth is the Lord's."--_Id._
UNDER NOTE VI.--WHEN, WHILE, OR WHERE.
"ELLIPSIS is _the omission of some word or_ words _which are necessary to complete the construction, but not_ requisite to complete the sense."--_Adam, Gould, and Fisk, cor._ "PLEONASM is _the insertion of some word or words_ more than _are_ absolutely necessary _either to complete the construction, or_ to express the sense."--_Iid. cor._ "HYSTERON-PROTERON is a _figure in which_ that is put in the former part of the sentence, which, according to the sense, should be in the latter."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "HYSTERON-PROTERON is a rhetorical figure _in which_ that is said last, which was done first."--_Webster cor._ "A BARBARISM is a foreign or strange word, _an expression contrary to the pure idiom of the language_."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "A SOLECISM is _an impropriety in respect to_ syntax, _an absurdity or incongruity in speech_."--_Iid. cor._ "An IDIOTISM is _a_ manner of expression peculiar to one language _childishly transferred to an other_."--_Iid. cor._ "TAUTOLOGY is _a disagreeable repetition_, either _of_ the same words, or _of_ the same sense in different words."--_Iid.
cor._ "BOMBAST, _or_ FUSTIAN, is _an inflated or ambitious style, in which high-sounding_ words are used, _with little or no_ meaning, or upon a trifling occasion."--_Iid. cor._ "AMPHIBOLOGY is ambiguity of construction, _phraseology which_ may be taken in two different senses."--_Iid. cor._ "IRONY is _a figure in which_ one means the contrary of what is said."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "PERIPHRASIS, _or_ CIRCUMLOCUTION, is _the use of_ several words, to express what might be _said_ in fewer."--_Iid.
cor._ "HYPERBOLE is _a figure in which_ a thing is magnified above the truth."--_Iid. cor._ "PERSONIFICATION is _a figure which ascribes human_ life, sentiments, or actions, to inanimate beings, or to abstract qualities."--_Iid. cor._ "APOSTROPHE is a _turning from the tenor of one's_ discourse, _into an animated address_ to some person, present or absent, living or dead, or _to some object personified_."--_Iid. cor._ "A SIMILE is _a simple and express comparison; and is generally introduced by_ LIKE, AS, _or_ so."--_G. B., Inst._, p. 233; Kirkham cor.; also Adam and Gould.
"ANTITHESIS is a placing of things in opposition, to heighten their effect by contrast."--_Inst._, p. 234; _Adam and Gould corrected_. "VISION, or IMAGERY, _is a figure in which what is present only to the mind, is represented as actually before one's eyes, and present_ to the senses."--_G. B.; Adam cor._ "EMPHASIS is a particular stress _of voice_ laid on some word in a sentence."--_Gould's Adam's Gram._, p. 241.
"EPANORTHOSIS, or CORRECTION, is _the recalling or correcting by the speaker_, of what he last said."--_Ibid._ "PARALIPSIS, or OMISSION, is _the pretending_ to omit or pass by, what one at the same time declares."--_Ibid._ "INCREMENTUM, or CLIMAX in sense, is the _rising_ of one member above an other to the highest."--_Ibid._ "METONYMY is _a change of names: as when_ the cause is _mentioned_ for the effect, or the effect for the cause; the container for the thing contained, or the sign for the thing signified."--_Kirkham cor._ "_The_ Agreement _of words_ is _their similarity_ in person, number, gender, case, _mood, tense, or form_."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 104. "_The_ Government _of words is that power which one_ word has _over an other, to cause it to assume some particular modification_."--_Ib._ "Fusion is _the converting of_ some solid substance into a fluid by heat."--_G. B_. "A proper diphthong is _a diphthong in which_ both the vowels are sounded together; as, _oi_ in _voice, ou_ in _house_."--_Fisher cor._ "An improper diphthong is _a diphthong in which_ the sound of but one of the two vowels is heard; as, _eo_ in _people_."--_Id._
UNDER NOTE VII.--THE ADVERB NO FOR NOT.
"An adverb is _added_ to a verb to show how, or when, or where, or whether or _not_, one is, does, or suffers."--_Buchanan cor._ "We must be immortal, whether we will or _not_."--_Maturin cor._ "He cares not whether the world was made for Caesar or _not_."--_A. Q. Rev. cor._ "I do not know whether they are out or _not_."--_Byron cor._ "Whether it can be proved or _not_, is not the thing."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "Whether he makes use of the means commanded by God, or _not_."--_Id._ "Whether it pleases the world or _not_, the care is taken."--_L'Estrange cor._ "How comes this to be never heard of, nor in the least questioned, whether the Law was undoubtedly of Moses's writing or _not_?"--_Tomline cor._ "Whether he be a sinner or _not_, I _do not know_." Or, as the text is more literally translated by Campbell: "Whether he be a sinner, I know not."--_Bible cor._ "Can I make men live, whether they will or _not_?"--_Shak. cor._
"Can hearts not free, be _tried_ whether they serve Willing or _not_, who will but what they must?"--_Milton cor._
UNDER NOTE VIII.--OF DOUBLE NEGATIVES.
"We need not, nor do _we_, confine the purposes of God." Or: "We need not, _and_ do not, confine," &c.--_Bentley cor._ "I cannot by _any_ means allow him that."--_Id._ "We must try whether or _not_ we _can_ increase the attention by the help of the senses."--_Brightland cor._ "There is nothing more admirable _or_ more useful."--_Tooke cor._ "And what in time to come he can never be said to have done, he can never be supposed to do."--_R.
Johnson cor._ "No skill could obviate, no remedy dispel, the terrible infection."--_Goldsmith cor._ "Prudery cannot be an indication _either_ of sense _or_ of taste."--_Spurzheim cor._ "But _neither_ that scripture, nor _any_ other, speaks of imperfect faith."--_Barclay cor._ "But _neither_ this scripture, nor _any_ other, proves that faith was or is always accompanied with doubting."--_Id._ "The light of Christ is not, _and_ cannot be, darkness."--_Id._ "Doth not the Scripture, which cannot lie, give _some_ of the saints this testimony?"--_Id._ "Which do not continue, _and_ are not binding."--_Id._ "It not being perceived directly, _any_ more than the air."--_Campbell cor._ "Let us be no Stoics, _and_ no stocks, I pray."--_Shak. cor._ "Where there is no marked _or_ peculiar character in the style."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "There can be no rules laid down, nor _any_ manner recommended."--_Sheridan cor._
"_Bates_. 'He hath not told his thought to the king?'
_K. Henry_. 'No; _and_ it is not meet he should.'"
Or thus: "'No; nor _is it_ meet he should.'"--_Shak. cor._
UNDER NOTE IX.--EVER AND NEVER.
"The prayer of Christ is more than sufficient both to strengthen us, be we _everso_ weak; and to overthrow all adversary power, be it _everso_ strong."--_Hooker cor._ "He is like to have no share in it, or to be _never_ the better for it." Or: "He is _not likely_ to have any share in it, or to be _ever_ the better for it."--_Bunyan cor._ "In some parts of Chili it seldom or _never_ rains."--_Willetts cor._ "If Pompey shall but _everso_ little seem to like it."--_W. Walker cor._ "Though _everso_ great a posse of dogs and hunters pursue him."--_Id._ "Though you be _everso_ excellent."--_Id._ "If you do amiss _everso_ little."--_Id._ "If we cast our eyes _everso_ little down."--_Id._ "A wise man scorneth nothing, be it _everso_ small or homely."--_M. F. Tupper cor._ "Because they have seldom _if_ ever an opportunity of learning them at all."--_Clarkson cor._ "We seldom or _never_ see those forsaken who trust in God."--_Atterbury cor._
"Where, playing with him at bo-peep, He solved all problems, _e'erso_ deep."--_S. Butler cor._
UNDER NOTE X.--OF THE FORM OF ADVERBS.
"One can _scarcely_ think that Pope was capable of epic or tragic poetry; but, within a certain limited region, he has been outdone by no poet."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "I who now read, have _nearly_ finished this chapter."--_Harris cor._ "And yet, to refine our taste with respect to beauties of art or of nature, is _scarcely_ endeavoured in any seminary of learning."--_Kames cor._ "The numbers being confounded, and the possessives _wrongly_ applied, the passage is neither English nor grammar."--_Buchanan cor._ "The letter G is _wrongly_ named _Jee_."--_Creighton cor._ "_Lastly_, remember that in science, as in morals, authority cannot make right what in itself is wrong."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "They regulate our taste even where we are _scarcely_ sensible of them."--_Kames cor._ "Slow action, for example, is imitated by words pronounced _slowly_."--_Id._ "_Surely_, if it be to profit withal, it must be in order to save."--_Barclay cor._ "Which is _scarcely_ possible at best."--_Sheridan cor._ "Our wealth being _nearly_ finished."--_Harris cor._
CHAPTER IX.--CONJUNCTIONS.
CORRECTIONS UNDER THE NOTES TO RULE XXII.