----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.2026 0.7247 0.4135 0.3583 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 4.5 8.03 7.04 6.67 2 4.8 7.48 7.16 5.61 3 4.8 6.68 6.62 4.85 4 5.1 6.00 6.24 4.65 5 8.6 5.65 5.78 4.37 6 8.7 -- -- 4.71 7 -- 4.85 3.72 -- 8 8.1 5.09 -- 4.57 9 -- 4.95 2.08 -- Percentage 10 7.9 4.80 -- 2.97 Increase 11 -- -- 1.72 -- in Weight, 12 8.0 -- -- 3.11 in Days. 13 -- -- 2.52 -- 14 8.0 -- -- 3.39 15 -- -- 2.35 -- 16 8.1 -- -- 3.39 17 -- -- -- -- 18 8.0 -- 2.32 -- 19 -- -- -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Film showed Slightly very little tacky, end hardening 10th and 38th and remained days.
soft and tacky. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------
(_b_) COTTON SEED OIL 20 PER CENT.
RAW LINSEED OIL 80 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.1516 0.9498 0.6160 0.2553 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 8.5 11.00 10.94 11.83 2 8.7 11.15 10.81 11.83 3 9.1 10.58 10.51 10.15 4 10.8 10.17 10.37 9.29 5 11.9 9.82 9.87 9.29 6 11.8 -- -- 9.45 7 -- 9.02 8.93 -- 8 11.9 9.42 -- 10.00 9 -- 9.35 8.90 -- Percentage 10 11.9 9.27 -- 8.95 Increase 11 -- -- 8.70 -- in Weight, 12 11.8 9.32 -- 8.06 in Days. 13 -- -- 9.29 -- 14 11.8 -- -- 8.61 15 -- 8.81 9.63 -- 16 11.8 -- -- -- 17 -- 8.24 -- -- 18 10.7 -- 8.47 -- 19 -- 7.92 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Fair drying Tacky on 1st observed at and 2d days.
end of 4th Dry on 10th day. Film day.
slightly tacky at end of test. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------
TABLE X.--(_a_) SUN FLOWER OIL 100 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.1414 0.6292 0.5837 0.2540 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 6.3 9.69 7.85 8.39 2 8.2 9.42 7.73 6.94 3 11.5 7.99 7.45 6.21 4 11.6 7.43 7.02 6.13 5 11.5 7.04 6.36 5.81 6 11.5 -- -- 6.01 7 -- 6.12 5.16 -- 8 11.3 6.45 -- 6.09 9 -- 6.12 4.57 -- Percentage 10 11.3 5.92 -- 4.81 Increase 11 -- -- 4.20 -- in Weight, 12 11.3 5.69 -- 4.73 in Days. 13 -- -- 4.54 -- 14 11.3 -- -- 4.81 15 -- 5.24 4.61 -- 16 11.2 -- -- 5.01 17 -- 4.57 -- -- 18 11.0 -- 4.30 -- 19 -- 4.26 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Film fairly Sticky, end firm, end of 1st day; 3d day. tacky, end 2d day; slightly tacky, end 10th day.
TABLE X.--(_b_) SUN FLOWER OIL 20 PER CENT.
RAW LINSEED OIL 80 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.1600 0.5030 0.4470 0.2261 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 9.5 14.21 12.62 11.54 2 11.0 14.21 12.02 11.85 3 11.1 12.66 11.48 9.92 4 11.3 14.01 11.65 9.13 5 11.4 11.59 10.25 8.95 6 10.9 -- -- 9.04 7 -- 10.24 8.14 -- 8 10.8 10.63 -- 9.52 9 -- 10.34 6.26 -- Percentage 10 10.8 10.34 -- 8.55 Increase 11 -- -- 5.54 -- in Weight, 12 10.8 10.27 -- 7.67 in Days. 13 -- -- 6.22 -- 14 10.6 -- -- 8.20 15 -- 11.33 5.82 -- 16 10.6 -- -- -- 17 -- 10.73 -- -- 18 10.9 -- 5.35 -- 19 -- 10.30 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Good firm, Dry on 1st, 2d glossy film and 10th days.
shown at end of 2d day. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------
TABLE XI.--(_a_) MENHADEN OIL 100 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.1944 0.5282 0.7005 0.3150 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 7.7 12.47 10.79 11.27 2 8.1 12.17 10.98 10.16 3 8.9 11.70 10.85 9.72 4 10.1 11.47 10.90 9.97 5 9.8 11.13 10.57 9.94 6 9.8 -- -- 10.27 7 -- 10.28 9.27 -- 8 9.8 11.20 -- 10.36 9 -- 11.15 8.48 -- Percentage 10 9.8 11.02 -- 8.80 Increase 11 -- -- 8.27 -- in Weight, 12 9.8 11.37 -- 9.22 in Days. 13 -- -- 8.91 -- 14 9.6 -- -- 9.40 15 -- 10.85 8.75 -- 16 9.6 -- -- 9.31 17 -- 10.34 -- -- 18 9.6 -- 9.21 -- 19 -- 9.90 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Good drying Sticky, end during 2d 1st day.
day. Fairly Slightly firm film. sticky, end 2d and 10th days.
(_b_) MENHADEN OIL 20 PER CENT.
RAW LINSEED OIL 80 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.2448 0.4959 0.4201 0.2456 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 8.5 14.11 13.19 10.99 2 10.4 13.47 12.88 11.28 3 12.2 12.68 12.23 9.56 4 12.9 12.04 11.81 8.90 5 12.9 11.59 11.17 8.72 6 12.9 -- -- 8.72 7 -- 10.44 9.50 -- 8 12.9 11.09 -- 9.34 9 -- 11.04 8.48 -- Percentage 10 12.9 10.74 -- 8.40 Increase 11 -- -- 7.77 -- in Weight, 12 12.9 10.90 -- 7.37 in Days. 13 -- -- 8.33 -- 14 12.8 -- -- 8.11 15 -- 10.18 8.24 -- 16 12.7 -- -- -- 17 -- 9.48 -- -- 18 12.9 -- 8.12 -- 19 -- 8.93 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Good firm, Nearly dry on elastic film 1st and 2d shown after days.
2d day. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------
TABLE XII.--(_a_) RAW CHINESE WOOD OIL 100 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.2266 0.5545 0.4933 0.4036 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 4.1 -- 0.59 0.54 2 11.2 -- 2.09 2.80 3 14.9 11.02 5.13 5.10 4 14.4 11.53 7.56 6.00 5 14.4 11.03 8.68 6.27 6 14.2 -- -- 7.09 7 -- 10.53 10.11 -- 8 14.2 10.74 -- 8.39 9 -- 10.47 9.65 -- Percentage 10 14.2 10.27 -- 8.01 Increase 11 -- -- 9.43 -- in Weight, 12 14.2 10.22 -- 8.55 in Days. 13 -- -- 9.77 -- 14 14.2 -- -- 9.13 15 -- 9.80 9.73 -- 16 14.2 -- -- 9.27 17 -- 9.25 -- -- 18 14.5 -- 9.33 -- 19 -- 8.86 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Film crys- Sticky, end of tallized and 1st and 2d remained days; dry but soft until drawn, end of 3d day. Hard 10th day.
but opaque film shown after 4th day. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------
(_b_) RAW CHINESE WOOD OIL 20 PER CENT.
RAW LINSEED OIL 80 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.2087 0.2967 0.3683 0.2285 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 9.0 14.46 14.37 11.99 2 12.1 13.11 13.66 11.90 3 12.9 11.72 13.11 10.14 4 12.8 10.68 12.41 9.30 5 12.8 9.77 11.78 9.08 6 12.8 -- -- 9.30 7 -- 8.66 10.51 -- 8 12.7 8.86 -- 9.70 9 -- 8.80 8.72 -- Percentage 10 12.6 8.49 -- 8.90 Increase 11 -- -- 7.0 -- in Weight, 12 12.6 8.15 -- 7.34 in Days. 13 -- -- 8.82 -- 14 12.5 -- -- 7.78 15 -- 8.05 8.39 -- 16 12.5 -- -- -- 17 -- 7.41 -- -- 18 12.7 -- 7.98 -- 19 -- 7.04 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Clear and Dry at end of firm film 1st day.
shown after 3d day. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------
TABLE XIII.--(_a_) CHINESE WOOD OIL (TREATED) 100 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.1678 0.4159 0.2934 0.3937 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 [13]38.0 [13]19.06 [13]0.92 3.53 2 [13]30.0 [13]20.16 [13]0.41 3.58 3 [13]28.0 [13]20.47 0.72 3.25 4 [13]28.0 [13]20.47 0.79 3.25 5 [13]28.0 [13]20.80 0.13 3.33 6 [13]28.0 -- -- 2.93 7 -- [13]21.09 0.22 -- 8 [13]28.0 [13]20.87 -- 2.55 9 -- [13]20.98 0.46 -- Percentage 10 27.5 [13]20.78 -- 3.40 Increase 11 -- -- 0.44 -- in Weight, 12 [13]26.0 [13]20.70 -- 3.23 in Days. 13 -- -- 0.43 -- 14 [13]26.0 -- -- 2.61 15 -- [13]20.97 0.42 -- 16 [13]26.0 -- -- 2.48 17 -- [13]21.22 -- -- 18 [13]26.2 -- 0.43 -- 19 -- [13]21.11 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Loss ob- Dry at end of served due 1st day.
to presence of vola- tiles. Firm, clear film shown at end of 1st day. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------
[13] Lost in weight throughout test.
TABLE XIII.--(_b_) CHINESE WOOD OIL (TREATED) 20 PER CENT.
RAW LINSEED OIL 80 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.1638 0.6572 0.4892 0.2644 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 8.4 9.25 8.93 3.21 2 9.4 8.07 8.71 3.48 3 9.8 7.36 8.44 2.15 4 9.7 6.75 8.16 1.58 5 9.9 6.25 7.95 1.56 6 9.9 -- -- 1.77 7 -- 5.49 6.75 -- 8 10.0 5.87 -- 2.30 9 -- 5.70 5.99 -- Percentage 10 9.6 5.67 -- 1.62 Increase 11 -- -- 5.50 -- in Weight, 12 9.5 4.37 -- 0.86 in Days. 13 -- -- 6.40 -- 14 9.5 -- -- 1.50 15 -- 5.15 6.01 -- 16 9.5 -- -- -- 17 -- 4.69 -- -- 18 9.6 -- 5.87 -- 19 -- 4.17 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Clear and Dry at end of hard film 1st day.
shown during 2d day. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+---------------
TABLE XIV.--(_a_) 20 PER CENT. DRY ROSIN IN 80 PER CENT. LINSEED OIL 100 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.2030 -- 0.5185 0.2554 Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 12.0 -- 3.76 1.80 2 14.1 -- 8.76 11.78 3 14.8 -- 9.20 12.17 4 14.2 -- 9.20 12.29 5 14.5 -- 8.49 12.02 6 14.0 -- -- 12.49 7 -- -- 9.07 -- 8 14.1 -- -- 13.15 9 -- -- 9.01 -- Percentage 10 14.1 -- -- 11.85 Increase 11 -- -- 9.09 -- in Weight, 12 14.0 -- -- 11.78 in Days. 13 -- -- 10.50 -- 14 14.0 -- -- 12.69 15 -- -- 10.16 -- 16 14.0 -- -- 12.83 17 -- -- -- -- 18 14.1 -- 10.18 -- 19 -- -- -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Rapid drying Oily, end 1st observed. and 2d days; Hard film slightly shown during tacky, end 2d day. 10th day.
(_b_) 20 PER CENT. DRY ROSIN IN 80 PER CENT. LINSEED OIL 20 PER CENT.
RAW LINSEED OIL 80 PER CENT.
----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Observer. Gardner Sabin Pickard { Rogers } { North } ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.1500 0.7105 0.4568 -- Test, grams -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- 1 10.9 14.19 12.86 -- 2 13.5 13.17 12.73 -- 3 13.6 11.84 12.13 -- 4 13.0 11.46 12.02 -- 5 13.0 10.87 11.30 -- 6 13.0 -- -- -- 7 -- 9.80 10.95 -- 8 13.1 10.33 -- -- 9 -- 10.40 11.21 -- Percentage 10 13.1 10.04 -- -- Increase 11 -- -- 10.53 -- in Weight, 12 13.0 10.35 -- -- in Days. 13 -- -- 11.21 -- 14 12.9 -- -- -- 15 -- 9.64 10.88 -- 16 13.0 -- -- -- 17 -- 8.98 -- -- 18 13.2 -- 11.43 -- 19 -- 8.62 -- -- -----------+----+------------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Remarks. Clear, hard film after 2d day. ----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------
TABLE XV.--(_a_) RAW LINSEED OIL 100 PER CENT.[14]
----------------+-----------+----------- Observer. Sabin Pickard ----------------+-----------+----------- Wt. of Oil for 0.5274 0.5326 Test, grams -----------+----+-----------+----------- 1 0.26 12.42 2 0.51 12.39 3 0.11 11.88 4 2.35 11.83 5 9.14 11.08 6 -- -- 7 14.48 10.29 8 14.48 -- 9 14.18 9.56 Percentage 10 13.86 -- Increase 11 -- 9.85 in Weight, 12 13.00 -- in Days. 13 -- 10.30 14 -- -- 15 12.23 10.12 16 -- -- 17 11.66 -- 18 -- 10.78 19 11.07 -- -----------+----+-----------+----------- Remarks. ----------------+-----------+-----------
[14] The test of this oil was made without the addition of 5 per cent.
of drier, the quantity used in all the other tests.
(_b_) DRIER 100 PER CENT.
----------------+-------------- Observer. { Rogers } { North } ----------------+-------------- Wt. of Oil for 0.3445 Test, grams -----------+----+-------------- 1 48.95 2 48.53 3 48.68 4 48.68 5 48.48 6 48.26 7 -- 8 48.43 9 -- Percentage 10 48.89 Increase 11 -- in Weight, 12 48.22 in Days. 13 -- 14 48.22 15 -- 16 -- 17 -- 18 -- 19 -- -----------+----+-------------- Remarks. Dry at end of 1st day.
CHAPTER III
PAINT PIGMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
For the student of paint technology, who is not already acquainted with the chemistry and physics of the various raw pigments which are largely used in the manufacture of paints, the writer advises a careful reading of this chapter, in which the matter has been condensed as much as possible. In order to more thoroughly acquaint the reader with the physical constitution of the pigments under consideration, there has been included photomicrographs, which show to advantage the structure of each.[15]
[15] The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Dr. J. A.
Schaeffer in the preparation of the photomicrographs shown in this chapter.
[Illustration: By Polarized Light
By Transmitted Light
Basic Carbonate-White Lead]
=Basic Carbonate-White Lead.= This pigment is made by stacking clay pots containing dilute acetic acid and lead buckles, in tiers, and covering them with tan bark. Fermentation of the tan bark, with subsequent formation of carbon dioxide acting on the acetate of lead formed within the pots, produces basic carbonate of lead. After complete corrosion, the white lead is ground, floated, and dried. Corroded white lead has a specific gravity of 6.8 and contains about 85% lead oxide and 15% of carbon dioxide and water. Its opaque nature and excellent body renders it extremely valuable as a constituent of paints. Checking and chalking progress rapidly when the pigment is used alone. The various sized particles, both large and small, resulting from the corrosion process, are prominently shown in the photomicrograph.
[Illustration: Crystals of Cerussite in Old Dutch Process White Lead.