41. "The Globe-Trotting Sports Shoe" by Peter Madden and Bethan Books, published by Christian Aid. "The Globe-Trotting Sports Shoe" by Peter Madden and Bethan Books, published by Christian Aid.
42. Kernaghan, "Behind the Label: 'Made in China.'" Kernaghan, "Behind the Label: 'Made in China.'"
43. From a panel discussion at "International Relocation" conference held in Brussels on 1920 September 1996. From a panel discussion at "International Relocation" conference held in Brussels on 1920 September 1996.
44. "Globalization Changes the Face of Textile...," ILO. "Globalization Changes the Face of Textile...," ILO.
45. "Submission Concerning Pregnancy-Based Discrimination in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector to the United States National Administrative Office," submitted by Human Rights Watch Women's Rights Project, Human Rights Watch/Americas, Internationals Labor Rights Fund, and Asociacion National de Abogados Democraticos, 15 May 1997. "Submission Concerning Pregnancy-Based Discrimination in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector to the United States National Administrative Office," submitted by Human Rights Watch Women's Rights Project, Human Rights Watch/Americas, Internationals Labor Rights Fund, and Asociacion National de Abogados Democraticos, 15 May 1997.
46. "No Guarantees: Sex Discrimination in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector," Human Rights Watch Women's Rights Project, August 1996. "No Guarantees: Sex Discrimination in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector," Human Rights Watch Women's Rights Project, August 1996.
47. Laura Eggertson, "Abuse Part of Jobs at Mexican Firms," Laura Eggertson, "Abuse Part of Jobs at Mexican Firms," Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 14 October 1997.
48. Cottingham, "Cut to the Bone." Cottingham, "Cut to the Bone."
49. "General Motors Corporation's Response to June 28, 1996 Letter from Human Rights Watch." The statement was attached to a letter dated 14 August 1996 signed by Gregory E. Lau, Executive Director, Worldwide Executive Compensation and Corporate Governance. "General Motors Corporation's Response to June 28, 1996 Letter from Human Rights Watch." The statement was attached to a letter dated 14 August 1996 signed by Gregory E. Lau, Executive Director, Worldwide Executive Compensation and Corporate Governance.
50. Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 21 November 1997 (on-line).
51. Kate Bronfenbrenner, "We'll Close! Plant Closings, Plant-Closing Threats, Unions Organizing and NAFTA," Kate Bronfenbrenner, "We'll Close! Plant Closings, Plant-Closing Threats, Unions Organizing and NAFTA," Multinational Monitor Multinational Monitor, 18, no. 3, March 1997.
52. David Fischer, "Global Hopscotch," David Fischer, "Global Hopscotch," U.S. News and World Report U.S. News and World Report, 5 June 1995.
53. Henny Sander, "Sprinting to the Forefront," Henny Sander, "Sprinting to the Forefront," Far Eastern Economic Review Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 August 1996, 50.
54. Personal interview, 3 September 1997. Personal interview, 3 September 1997.
55. Ortega, Ortega, In Sam We Trust In Sam We Trust, 250.
56. "South Korea Will Leave Indonesia if Strikes Continue," "South Korea Will Leave Indonesia if Strikes Continue," Straits Times Straits Times (Singapore), 30 April 1997, 18. The article reported that Reebok's Indonesian executive Scott Thomas had met with South Korean officials, saying that if the worker strikes continued in Indonesia, the company might relocate again, saying Reebok "could place its orders easily with other countries if the situation persisted." (Singapore), 30 April 1997, 18. The article reported that Reebok's Indonesian executive Scott Thomas had met with South Korean officials, saying that if the worker strikes continued in Indonesia, the company might relocate again, saying Reebok "could place its orders easily with other countries if the situation persisted."
57. Jakarta Post Jakarta Post, 30 April 1997.
58. "Nike in China" (abridged), Harvard Business School, 9-390-092, 12 August 1993. "Nike in China" (abridged), Harvard Business School, 9-390-092, 12 August 1993.
59. "Nike Joins President Clinton's Fair Labor Coalition," PR NewsWire, 2 August 1996. "Nike Joins President Clinton's Fair Labor Coalition," PR NewsWire, 2 August 1996.
60. Christopher Reed, "Sweatshop Jobs Don't Put Food On Table," Christopher Reed, "Sweatshop Jobs Don't Put Food On Table," Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 9 May 1997.
61. Allen R. Myerson, "In Principle, a Case for More 'Sweatshops,'" Allen R. Myerson, "In Principle, a Case for More 'Sweatshops,'" New York Times New York Times, 22 June 1997, 45.
62. Ibid. Ibid.
63. "Labour-Women Say Nike Supports Women in Ads, But Not in Factories," Inter Press Service, 29 October 1997. "Labour-Women Say Nike Supports Women in Ads, But Not in Factories," Inter Press Service, 29 October 1997.
64. "Raising Wages a Penny an Hour," National Labor Committee press release, 29 March 1999. Wages fell from 27 cents an hour to 15 cents an hour, even after Nike announced a 6 percent raise. "Raising Wages a Penny an Hour," National Labor Committee press release, 29 March 1999. Wages fell from 27 cents an hour to 15 cents an hour, even after Nike announced a 6 percent raise.
65. "High Unemployment, Higher Prices and Lower Wages," Ibon press release, 15 March 1999. "High Unemployment, Higher Prices and Lower Wages," Ibon press release, 15 March 1999.
66. "Two Shoe Firms Close RP Shops," "Two Shoe Firms Close RP Shops," Philippine Daily Enquirer Philippine Daily Enquirer, 22 February 1999. The two factories were P.K. Export, which laid off 300 workers in 1998 and employed another 767 when the closure was announced, and Lotus Footwear, which employed 438 workers when it filed a notice of factory closure.
67. Aaron Bernstein, "Outsourced-And Out of Luck," Aaron Bernstein, "Outsourced-And Out of Luck," Business Week Business Week, 17 July 1995, 6061.
Chapter Ten: Threats and Temps.
1. "A Conversation with Charles Handy," "A Conversation with Charles Handy," Organizational Dynamics Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1996, 1526.
2. For instance, in Canada, "between 1976 and 1997, the proportion of Canadians working in goods-producing industries shrank to 27 percent from 36 percent, according to Statistics Canada. Meanwhile, the proportion of the population working in the service industries rose to 73 percent from 65 percent." For instance, in Canada, "between 1976 and 1997, the proportion of Canadians working in goods-producing industries shrank to 27 percent from 36 percent, according to Statistics Canada. Meanwhile, the proportion of the population working in the service industries rose to 73 percent from 65 percent." Report on Business Magazine Report on Business Magazine, April 1998, 74.
3. Donna Smith and Carole Lusby, "Analysis of Educational Needs Assessment of Retail Employees," Ryerson Polytechnic University, 14 February 1997. Donna Smith and Carole Lusby, "Analysis of Educational Needs Assessment of Retail Employees," Ryerson Polytechnic University, 14 February 1997.
4. Personal interview, 7 October 1997. Personal interview, 7 October 1997.
5. Personal interview, 7 October 1997. Personal interview, 7 October 1997.
6. Personal interview, 24 November 1997. Personal interview, 24 November 1997.
7. In the U.S., the average hourly wage for a retail worker was $8.26. In the U.S., the average hourly wage for a retail worker was $8.26.
8. Ortega, Ortega, In Sam We Trust In Sam We Trust, 361. In Canada, Wal-Mart employees earn Can$8 an hour and have an average annual income of around $12,000.
9. San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco Chronicle, 3 October 1997, A19.
10. Dan Gallin is general secretary of the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers Association (IUF) based in Geneva. He offered the definition in an interview on the McSpotlight Web site. A good illustration of the place where trademark law interferes with public discourse about the reality of the corporate political landscape is in the McDonald's Corporation's threat to sue the Oxford Dictionary (among several other parties) over the word "McJobs." Not only has McDonald's, which employs over 1 million people worldwide, played a huge role in pioneering the low standards now equated with the word "McJobs," but it has also decided to restrict our ability to have a public discussion about the impact of the McJobs phenomenon. Dan Gallin is general secretary of the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers Association (IUF) based in Geneva. He offered the definition in an interview on the McSpotlight Web site. A good illustration of the place where trademark law interferes with public discourse about the reality of the corporate political landscape is in the McDonald's Corporation's threat to sue the Oxford Dictionary (among several other parties) over the word "McJobs." Not only has McDonald's, which employs over 1 million people worldwide, played a huge role in pioneering the low standards now equated with the word "McJobs," but it has also decided to restrict our ability to have a public discussion about the impact of the McJobs phenomenon.
11. Verdict delivered 19 June 1997. Verdict delivered 19 June 1997.
12. Good Morning America Good Morning America, 16 April 1998, interviewer Kevin Newman with guests Bryan Drapp and Dominic Tocco.
13. Personal interview, 7 October 1997. Personal interview, 7 October 1997.
14. Letter addressed to "Borders Booksellers, Musicsellers, and Cafe Staff," from Richard L. Flanagan, President, Borders Stores, 30 May 1997. Letter addressed to "Borders Booksellers, Musicsellers, and Cafe Staff," from Richard L. Flanagan, President, Borders Stores, 30 May 1997.
15. Personal interview, 24 November 1997. Personal interview, 24 November 1997.
16. "Why Store 21 Tried to Unionize," Borders Books & Union Stuff Web site. "Why Store 21 Tried to Unionize," Borders Books & Union Stuff Web site.
17. Source: Dan Gallin, general secretary of the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers Association (IUF), McSpotlight Web site. Source: Dan Gallin, general secretary of the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers Association (IUF), McSpotlight Web site.
18. Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 13 June 1998.
19. Ontario Labour Relations Board, File No. 0387-96-R. Decision of Janice Johnston, vice chair, and board member H. Peacock, 10 February 1997. Ontario Labour Relations Board, File No. 0387-96-R. Decision of Janice Johnston, vice chair, and board member H. Peacock, 10 February 1997.
20. The number of part-time workers in the U.S. in 1997 was 23.2 million. The number of part-time workers in the U.S. in 1997 was 23.2 million. Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1998. According to Harry Pold, labor force researcher at Statistics Canada, between 1975 and 1997, part-time employment in Canada increased by 4.2 percent and full-time employment increased by a rate of only 1.5 percent ("Employment & Job Growth," Labour & Household Surveys Analysis Division, 1998).
21. Andrew Jackson, "Creating More and Better Jobs Through Reduction of Working Time," policy paper for Canadian Labour Conference, February 1998. Andrew Jackson, "Creating More and Better Jobs Through Reduction of Working Time," policy paper for Canadian Labour Conference, February 1998.
22. Personal interview, 24 November 1997. Personal interview, 24 November 1997.
23. Ortega, Ortega, In Sam We Trust In Sam We Trust, 351.
24. USA Today USA Today, 5 August 1997, B1.
25. Ibid. Ibid.
26. Ortega, Ortega, In Sam We Trust In Sam We Trust, xiii.
27. Jim Frederick, "Internment Camp: The Intern Economy and the Culture Trust," Jim Frederick, "Internment Camp: The Intern Economy and the Culture Trust," Baffler Baffler, no. 9, 5158.
28. Ibid. Ibid.
29. U.S. Department of Labor. U.S. Department of Labor.
30. "Staffing Services Annual Update," National Association of Temporary and Staffing Services, 1999. "Staffing Services Annual Update," National Association of Temporary and Staffing Services, 1999.
31. In fact, Manpower, which employs over 800,000 workers, is a larger employer than Wal-Mart, which employs 720,000, but since Manpower's workers aren't out working every day, on any given day Wal-Mart has more workers on the payroll than Manpower. In fact, Manpower, which employs over 800,000 workers, is a larger employer than Wal-Mart, which employs 720,000, but since Manpower's workers aren't out working every day, on any given day Wal-Mart has more workers on the payroll than Manpower.
32. USA Today USA Today, 5 August 1997, B1.
33. Helen Cooper and Thomas Kamm, "Europe Firms Lift Unemployment by Laying Off Unneeded Workers," Helen Cooper and Thomas Kamm, "Europe Firms Lift Unemployment by Laying Off Unneeded Workers," Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 3 June 1998.
34. Ibid. Ibid.
35. Ibid. Ibid.
36. Cooper and Kamm, "Europe Firms Lift Unemployment." Cooper and Kamm, "Europe Firms Lift Unemployment."
37. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics.
38. Bruce Steinberg, "Temporary Help Annual Update for 1997," Bruce Steinberg, "Temporary Help Annual Update for 1997," Contemporary Times Contemporary Times, Spring 1998.
39. Bernstein, "Outsourced-And Out of Luck." Bernstein, "Outsourced-And Out of Luck."
40. Ibid. Ibid.
41. Peters, Peters, The Circle of Innovation The Circle of Innovation, 240.
42. Steinberg, "Temporary Help Annual Update for 1997." Steinberg, "Temporary Help Annual Update for 1997."
43. Chris Benner, "Shock Absorbers in the Flexible Economy: The Rise of Contingent Employment in Silicon Valley," May 1996. Published by Working Partnerships USA. Chris Benner, "Shock Absorbers in the Flexible Economy: The Rise of Contingent Employment in Silicon Valley," May 1996. Published by Working Partnerships USA.
44. Leslie Helm, "Microsoft Testing Limits on Temp Worker Use," Leslie Helm, "Microsoft Testing Limits on Temp Worker Use," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, 7 December 1997, D1.
45. Ibid. Ibid.
46. Microsoft won't divulge how many temps it uses but the 5,750 figure comes from the National Writers Union, which came to it by counting the number of E-mail addresses at Microsoft that begin with the "a-" prefix. The "a" stands for "agency" and is on all the temps' accounts. Microsoft won't divulge how many temps it uses but the 5,750 figure comes from the National Writers Union, which came to it by counting the number of E-mail addresses at Microsoft that begin with the "a-" prefix. The "a" stands for "agency" and is on all the temps' accounts.
47. Helm, "Microsoft Testing Limits." Helm, "Microsoft Testing Limits."
48. TechWire, 26 July 1997. TechWire, 26 July 1997.
49. Business Insurance Business Insurance, 9 December 1996, 3.
50. Kevin Ervin, "Microsoft Clarifies Relationship with Temporary Workers," Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, 24 June 1998. Kevin Ervin, "Microsoft Clarifies Relationship with Temporary Workers," Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, 24 June 1998.
51. Alex Fryer, "Temporary Fix at Microsoft?" Alex Fryer, "Temporary Fix at Microsoft?" Seattle Times Seattle Times, 16 December 1997, A1.
52. Remarks by Bob Herbold, Seattle, Washington, 24 July 1997. From transcript. Remarks by Bob Herbold, Seattle, Washington, 24 July 1997. From transcript.
53. Helm, "Microsoft Testing Limits." Helm, "Microsoft Testing Limits."
54. Jonathan D. Miller, "Microsoft cutting back? In one sense it has, official says," Jonathan D. Miller, "Microsoft cutting back? In one sense it has, official says," Eastside Journal Eastside Journal (Bellevue WA), 17 July 1997. (Bellevue WA), 17 July 1997.
55. Remarks by Bob Herbold, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Microsoft Corporation Annual Shareholders' Meeting, 14 November 1997, Seattle, Washington. Remarks by Bob Herbold, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Microsoft Corporation Annual Shareholders' Meeting, 14 November 1997, Seattle, Washington.
56. Peters, Peters, The Circle of Innovation The Circle of Innovation, 18485.
57. Daniel H. Pink, "Free Agent Nation," Daniel H. Pink, "Free Agent Nation," Fast Company Fast Company, December 1997/January 1998.
58. "Opportunity Rocks!" "Opportunity Rocks!" Details Details, June 1997, 103.
59. Ron Lieber, "Don't Believe the Hype," Ron Lieber, "Don't Believe the Hype," Details Details, June 1997, 113.
60. "How We Work Now," "How We Work Now," Newsweek Newsweek, 1 February 1999.
61. "Nonstandard Work, Substandard Jobs: Flexible Work Arrangements in the U.S.," Economic Policy Institute, Washington, DC. "Nonstandard Work, Substandard Jobs: Flexible Work Arrangements in the U.S.," Economic Policy Institute, Washington, DC.
62. Benner, "Shock Absorbers in the Flexible Economy." Benner, "Shock Absorbers in the Flexible Economy."
63. Employment and Unemployment in 1997: The Continuing Jobs Crisis Employment and Unemployment in 1997: The Continuing Jobs Crisis, Canadian Labour Congress.
64. Clive Thompson, "The Temp," Clive Thompson, "The Temp," This Magazine This Magazine, February 1998, 32.
65. San Francisco Examiner San Francisco Examiner, 27 April 1998, D27.
66. Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 22 May 1998 (on-line).
67. Pink, "Free Agent Nation." Pink, "Free Agent Nation."
68. Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 23 February 1998, A22.
69. "Runaway CEO Pay," on AFL-CIO's Executive PayWatch Web site. "Runaway CEO Pay," on AFL-CIO's Executive PayWatch Web site.