Induction is an inverse deduction.
Explain and contrast these two theories of the relation of induction to deduction. [S]
112. What are the Fallacies specially incident to Induction?--or to the application of the theory of Probabilities? [S]
113. What is meant by the _personal error_ (or _personal equation_) in observation? Discuss its importance in different branches of knowledge.
[S]
114. Define and illustrate:--Paralogism, _ignoratio elenchi_, _fallacia accidentis_, _argumentum ad verecundiam_, illicit process, undistributed middle, etc.
115. State the three fundamental laws of thought, explain their meaning, and consider how far they are independent of each other? [L]
116. Enumerate the "Heads of Predicables" and define their meaning.
Discuss their logical importance. [L]
117. Upon what grounds has it been asserted that the conclusion of a syllogism is drawn, not from, but according to, the major premise? Are they valid? [L]
118. "Experiment is always preferable to observation." Why is this?
Explain from the example of any science how observation and experiment supplement each other. [L]
119. What is a hypothesis? Distinguish between a working hypothesis and an established hypothesis, so as to bring out the conditions on which the latter depends. [L]
120. Explain how good scientific nomenclature and terminology are connected with the purposes of good classification. [L]