[852] The stocks or groups are, going from north to south: the Dene or Athabascans (middle of Alaska and running east and west); the Tlingit (Southern Alaska); the Haidas (Queen Charlotte Islands and adjacent islands); the Tsimshians (valleys of the Nass and Skeena rivers and adjacent islands); the Kwakiutl (coast of British Columbia, from Gardiner Channel to Cape Mudge, but not the west coast of Vancouver Island); the Nootkas (west coast of Vancouver Island); the Salish (eastern part of Vancouver Island, and parts of British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, and Montana); the Kootenay (near Kootenay Lake and adjoining parts of the United States). See the authorities cited by Frazer in _Totemism and Exogamy_.
[853] -- 445 f.
[854] Cf. the divergent native accounts of the Melanesian _buto_ (Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 31 ff.).
[855] In North America, in the Iroquois, Algonkin, Maskoki (Creek), and Siouan stocks; in Central America and South America; in Borneo and East Africa; and elsewhere.
[856] R. B. Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_ (Central California), p. 223; id., _The Shasta_ (Northern California and Oregon), p. 451; id., _The Chimariko Indians_ (west of the Shasta, on Trinity River), p. 301; A. L. Kroeber, article "California" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[857] Article "Bantu" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[858] Hollis, _The Masai_, Index, and _The Nandi_, p. 5 f.
[859] A hint of an earlier usage is given in a legend which relates that totemic clans were ordained by a king to the end that certain sorts of food might be taboo to certain families, and thus animals might have a better chance to multiply.
[860] See the volumes of A. B. Ellis on these countries (chapters on "Gods" and on "Government").
[861] A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totemisme a Madagascar_, p.
314.
[862] On this point see below, -- 522 ff.
[863] For the details see W. R. Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_ (includes the Hebrews); Joseph Jacobs, "Are there Totem-clans in the Old Testament?" (in _Archaeological Review_, vol. iii); A. Lang, _Custom and Myth_ (on the Greek _genos_), and _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, i, 266 ff.; ii, 226; S. Reinach, _Cultes, mythes et religions_ (Greek and Celtic); Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 68 ff., etc.; Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, p. 84 f.; G. L. Gomme, "Totemism in Britain" (in _Archaeological Review_, vol. iii); N. W. Thomas, "La survivance du culte totemique des animaux et les rites agraires dans le pays de Galles" (in _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, vol. xxxviii).
[864] Names are omitted that appear to belong only to individuals or to places.
[865] G. B. Gray, _Hebrew Proper Names_, p. 86 ff.
[866] Strabo, _Geographica_, xiii, 588.
[867] Herodotus, ii, 37, 42; Diodorus Siculus, _Bibliotheke Historike_, i, 70.
[868] Lev. xi; Deut. xiv.
[869] Stengel and Oehmichen, _Die griechischen Sakralaltertumer_, p. 27.
[870] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 241 f.
[871] Caesar, _De Bello Gallico_, v, 12.
[872] Herodotus, ii, 42.
[873] Pausanias, i, 24, 4. On the death of the god cf.
Frazer, _The Dying God_.
[874] Herodotus, ii, 39 ff., W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., additional note G; the Roman Lupercalia.
[875] Diodorus Siculus, i, 86 (Egypt); cf. Pliny, _Historia Naturalis_, x, 4 f.
[876] W. R. Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, chap. viii (Semites).
[877] See above, ---- 441 ff., 466, and below, -- 526; Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, Index, s.vv. _Animals_ and _Totems_.
[878] See above, -- 443 ff.
[879] So, also, in Northeastern Asia, in the Japan archipelago (the Ainu), and in low African tribes.
[880] Where sexual license before marriage prevails, young girls are allowed to go to these houses.
[881] H. Webster, _Primitive Secret Societies_.
[882] G. Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_, p. 60 ff.
[883] Mary Kingsley, _West African Studies_, p. 384, and _Travels in West Africa_, p. 532 ff.; Ellis, _Yoruba_, p.
110.
[884] H. Webster, _Primitive Secret Societies_, p. 164 ff.
[885] Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, i, 495 ff.
[886] Frazer, loc. cit. Cf. A. Lang, _Secret of the Totem_, p. 138.
[887] _Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vi, i, 32 ff., 43 ff.
[888] So worship was offered to the Roman _genius_ (Horace, _Carm._ iii, 17; _Epist._ i, 7, 94).
[889] A. B. Ellis, _E?e_, p. 105; _Tshi_, p. 156; _Yoruba_, chap. vii.
[890] Turner, _Samoa_, p. 78 f. So the ?????t??f??
(Farnell, in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B.
Tylor_).
[891] W. H. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_, p. 145, cited by Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii, 442 f.
[892] The acquisition of a supernatural inspirer by a shaman is analogous to this custom, but belongs in a somewhat different category: see below, -- 540.
[893] Miss Alice Fletcher, "Indian Ceremonies" (in _Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology_, Harvard University, 1883).
[894] F. Boas, _The Kwakiutl_, p. 393 f.
[895] Cf. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii, 450 ff.
[896] This process is similar to the gradual reduction of the European independent barons to the position of royal officers.
[897] See below, -- 633 f.
[898] As, for example, by the Marathas of the Bombay Presidency (Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii, 276 ff.).