[660] Article "Romulus" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.
[661] See below, -- 652.
[662] Herodotus, v, 66 al.
[663] Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, pp. 163, 170, 206.
[664] The Ojibwa god Manabozho (described in Schoolcraft's _Algic Researches_) by some inadvertence got the name 'Hiawatha,' and so appears in Longfellow's poem. The real Hiawatha was a distinguished Iroquois statesman (supposed to be of the fifteenth century), the founder of the Iroquois League, honored as a patriot, but never worshiped as a god.
See H. Hale, _Iroquois Book of Rites_, Index, s.v.
_Hiawatha_; Beauchamp, in _Journal of American Folklore_, October, 1891.
[665] F. Pfister, _Der Reliquienkult im Altertum_.
[666] Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, i; Grant Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of God_. See below, -- 631 ff.
[667] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Dead_; Grant Allen, op. cit.; article "Ancestor-worship" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[668] Cf. above, Chap. II.
[669] Steinmetz (_Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe_, p. 280 ff.) has attempted a collection and interpretation of the usages of nearly two hundred tribes, but his reckoning is not satisfactory--his enumeration is not complete, and the facts are not sufficiently well certified. He concludes that cases of fear are twice as numerous as those of love.
[670] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, chap. xiv.
[671] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes Of Central Australia_, pp. 516 f., 520 f.
[672] Cf. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 271 f.
[673] The conception of such meals as physical and spiritual communion with the dead was a later development.
[674] The buffoonery that was sometimes practiced at Roman funerals seems to have come from the natural love of fun, here particularly, also, through the reaction from the oppressive solemnity of the occasion.
[675] Howitt and Fison, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 246 ff.
[676] Taylor, _New Zealand_, pp. 104, 108.
[677] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 194, 253 f.; Powell, _Wanderings_, p. 170.
[678] Ellis, _Madagascar_, i, 23, 423.
[679] Callaway, _The Amazulu_, pp. 145, 151.
[680] A. B. Ellis, _The E?e_, p. 102 f.
[681] Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe_. A. L. Kroeber (in _Journal of American Folklore_, 1904) gives an account of a 'ghost-dance' in Northwest California, the object of which was said to be that the dead might return, though the details are obscure.
[682] Some such custom seems to be referred to in Deut.
xxvi, 14.
[683] Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Sud-Afrikas_.
[684] Mariner, _Tonga_, p. 149.
[685] Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 162 f.; Goldziher, in _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, x. So the Egyptian fellahin to-day.
[686] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 219 f.; Bonney, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii, 122 ff.; Haddon, _Head-hunters_, pp. 91 f., 183; G. Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of God_, chap. iii.
[687] Sir G. S. Robertson, _The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush_, pp. 645 ff., 615 ff., 414 f.
[688] Breasted, _Egypt_, p. 421, etc.
[689] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 604 f.
[690] Deut. xxvi, 14; Hos. ix, 4; Ezek. xxiv, 17 (revised text); Isa. viii, 19; 1 Sam. xxviii, 13.
[691] _Rig-Veda_, x, 15; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p.
143 f.
[692] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 91 ff.
[693] _Odyssey_, xi, 74 ff.; cf. xxiv, 63 ff.
[694] _Odyssey_, x, 519 ff.; xi, 25 ff.
[695] Stengel and Oehmichen, _Die griechischen Sakralaltertumer_, p. 99 f.
[696] Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 158 ff.; Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, Index, s.v. _Heros_; Deneken, article "Heros" in Roscher, _Lexikon_. Lists of heroes are given by F. Pfister, in _Der Reliquienkult im Altertum_.
[697] Thucydides, v, 11; Pausanias, i, 32. For other examples, and for the details of the cult, see Stengel and Oehmichen, _Die griechischen Sakralaltertumer_, p. 96 ff.
[698] Similar functions are performed by saints in some Buddhist, Christian, and Moslem communities.
[699] Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft_; Miss J. E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, chap. ii, and the references in these works. On the _Keres_ as ghosts see Crusius, in Roscher's _Lexikon_, s.v. _Keren_, and Harrison, op. cit., chap. v.
[700] Ovid, _Fasti_, v, 439 ff., _manes exite paterni_; cf.
the Greek proverbial expression T??a?e ?a?e? (Suidas, s.v.
T??a?e).
[701] De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_, chap. iii.
[702] Aston, _Shinto_; Knox, _Religion in Japan_, p. 66 f.
[703] 1 Sam. xxviii.
[704] Cf. also the Teutonic valkyrs and nornas.
[705] See above, -- 359. The wide prevalence of the theory in ancient times is indicated by its adoption in the Graeco-Jewish _Wisdom of Solomon_ (of the first century B.C.), chap. xiv, and by some Roman writers.
[706] -- 262 ff.