2. Pure resin of jalap, 56 grams, powdered sugar and flour, 1000 grams; tincture of vanilla, 10 grams, white of egg, No. 20, yolk of egg, No. 40.
Let the resin be emulsified with the yolks of the egg, add successively the sugar, tincture, and flour, and mix thoroughly into a paste, with which thoroughly incorporate the whites of eggs, previously beaten up. Let the mass be divided into 144 biscuits, and bake.
=Jalap, Res'in of.= _Syn._ RESINA JALAPae, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. E.) See EXTRACT OF JALAP.
2. (Nativelle.) Jalap root is digested in boiling water for 24 hours, and after being reduced to thin slices more water is added, and the whole boiled for 10 minutes, with occasional agitation; the liquid is then expressed in a tincture press, and the boiling and pressing repeated a second and third time (these decoctions by evaporation yield AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF JALAP); the pressed root is next treated with rectified spirit, q. s., and boiled for 10 minutes, and then allowed to cool; the tincture is then pressed out, and the boiling with fresh alcohol and expression is repeated twice; a little animal charcoal is added to the mixed tinctures, and, after thorough agitation, the latter are filtered; the liquid is now distilled until nothing passes over, the supernatant fluid is poured off the fluid resin, and the latter dried by spreading it over the surface of the capsule, and continuing the heat. The product is a friable and nearly colourless resin, which forms a white powder resembling starch. _Prod._ Fully 10% of pure resin.
3. (Planche.) Resinous extract of jalap is dissolved in rectified spirit, the tincture agitated with animal charcoal, and after filtration gently evaporated to dryness.
_Pur._ The jalap resin of commerce is generally adulterated with scammony, gum, guaiacum or resin. When in a state of purity, it does not form an emulsion with milk, like scammony resin, but runs into a solid mass. It is insoluble in fixed oils and turpentine, whilst the common resins are freely soluble in those menstrua. Its alcoholic solution, dropped on a piece of absorbent white paper, and exposed to the action of nitrous gas, does not acquire a green or blue colour; if it does, guaiacum resin is present. 2% of this adulteration may be thus detected. (Gobley.) It is insoluble in ether; but guaiacum resin, common resin, and some others, are so; the decanted ether should not become opalescent when mixed with water, and should evaporate without leaving any residuum. Powdered jalap resin placed in cold water does not dissolve, but forms a semi-fluid, transparent mass, as if it had been melted. Dissolved in a watch-glass with a little oil of vitriol, a rich crimson-coloured solution is obtained, from which, in a few hours, a brown viscid resin separates.
These last two characteristics distinguish it from other resins.
_Obs._ Earthenware or well-tinned copper vessels must alone be used in the above processes, as contact with copper or iron turns the resin black, and this tinge can only be removed by redissolving the resin in alcohol, the addition of animal charcoal, and re-evaporation.
Jalap resin is an energetic cathartic.--_Dose_, 1 to 5 gr. See JALAPIN.
=Jalap, Factitious Resin of.= _Syn._ RESINae JALAPae FACTITIA, L. A substance frequently sold for jalap resin is made by fusing a mixture of pale yellow resin and scammony resin, and adding, when it has cooled a little, but still semi-fluid, a few drops of balsam of Peru or tolu; the mixture is then poured into small paper capsules or tin moulds. Its effects resemble those of jalap resin, but it inflames less. (Landerer.)
=Jalap, Soap of.= _Syn._ SAPO JALAPae, SAPO JALAPINUS, L. _Prep._ (Ph.
Bor.) Resin of jalap and Castile soap, of each 1 part; rectified spirit, 2 parts, or q. s. to dissolve the ingredients softened by a gentle heat; subsequently evaporate the mixture by the heat of a water bath until reduced to 4-1/2 oz., or it has acquired the consistence of a pill-mass.
_Prop., &c._ A greyish-brown mass, soluble in rectified spirit. Said to be milder in its action than the resin alone.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 oz.
=JALAP'IC ACID.= _Syn._ ODOROUS PRINCIPLE OF JALAP.--Pereira. _Prep._ Add an alcoholic solution of acetate of lead to a similar solution of jalap resin, collect the precipitate (jalapate of lead), and throw down the lead by means of sulphuretted hydrogen. (See ABSINTHIC ACID.) A brownish, soft, greasy substance, smelling strongly of jalap, soluble in alcohol and alkali, and slightly so in ether. Jalap resin contains about 13% of this substance.
=JAL'APIN.= C_{34}H_{56}O_{16}. _Syn._ JALAPINA. Jalap resin is commonly sold under this name, but pure jalapin is prepared by one or other of the following formulae:--
_Prep._ 1. The liquid filtered from the jalapate of lead in preparing jalapic acid is a solution of acetate of jalapin, which, after any trace of lead is removed, by adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid, and filtration, yields the whole of its jalapin, as a precipitate, on the addition of 5 or 6 times its volume of water; this is collected, washed with a little cold distilled water, and dried by exposure to a current of warm dry air.
2. (Hume.) Coarsely powdered jalap is digested in strong acetic acid for 14 days, the tincture filtered ammonia added in excess, and the whole agitated strongly; the mixture is then filtered, the deposit washed in cold water, redissolved in acetic acid, reprecipitated by ammonia, and again washed and dried.
3. (Kayser.) Pure jalap resin, in powder, is digested for some time in boiling ether, by which means the jalapic acid is removed, and pure jalapin remains undissolved.
_Prop., &c._ A transparent, colourless, scentless, insipid resin, very soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in ether. It is the active purgative principle of crude jalap resin.
=JAMAI'CINE.= _Syn._ JAMAICINA. A peculiar alkaloid obtained by Huttenschmidt from the bark of the Cabbage-tree (_Andira inermis_).
_Prep._ The aqueous solution of cabbage-tree bark, treated with sulphuretted hydrogen and evaporated.
_Prop._ Yellow crystals soluble in water and, to a limited extent, in alcohol; fusible, and very bitter tasted. It forms salts with the acids, which, in small doses, produce restlessness and trembling; and in larger ones, purging. It is said to be vermifuge.
=JAMES'S POWDER.= See POWDERS.
=JAMS.= _Syn._ PRESERVES. Conserves of fruit with sugar, prepared by boiling. In the latter respect they differ from the conserves of the apothecary.
_Prep._ The pulped or bruised fruit is boiled along with 1/2 to 2/3 of its weight of loaf sugar, until the mixture jellies, when a little is placed on a cold plate; the semi-fluid mass is then passed through a coarse hair sieve whilst hot, to remove the stones and skins of the fruit, and as soon as it has cooled a little is poured into pots or glasses. It is usual to tie these over, when cold, with paper which has been dipped in brandy. The pots must then be placed aside in a dry and rather cold situation.
The following fruits are those from which jams are commonly prepared:--Apricots, cherries (various), cranberries, currants (black, red, and white), gooseberries (ripe and green), mulberries, Orleans plums, raspberries, and strawberries. Red currants are commonly added to the last, to remove insipidity.
=JAPAN'.= See VARNISH, and _below_.
=JAPAN'NING.= The art of covering paper, wood, or metal, with a coating of hard, brilliant, and durable varnish. The varnishes or lacquers employed for this purpose in Japan, China, and the Indian Archipelago, are resinous juices derived from various trees belonging to the natural order _Anacardiaceae_, especially _Stagmaria verniciflua_, _Holigarna longifolia_, _Semecarpus Anacardium_, and species of _Rus_ (Sumach). For use, they are purified by a defecation and straining, and are afterwards mixed with a little oil, and with colouring matter, as required. In this country varnishes of amber, asphaltum, or copal, or mixtures of them, pass under the names of 'JAPAN' and 'JAPAN VARNISH,'
_Proc._ The surface is coloured or painted with devices, &c., as desired, next covered with a highly transparent varnish (amber or copal), then dried at a high temperature (135 to 165 Fahr.), and, lastly, polished.
Wood and paper are first sized, polished, and varnished. For plain surfaces, asphaltum, varnish or japan is used. See VARNISHING.
=JAPON'IC ACID.= C_{12}H_{10}O_{5}. When catechu is exposed to the air in contact with caustic alkalies, black solutions (alkaline japonates) are formed; with carbonated alkalies, red solutions (alkaline rubates); the acid of the former may be separated. It is a black powder, insoluble in water, soluble in alkalies, and precipitated by acids. Buric acid forms red insoluble compounds with the earths and some other metallic oxides.
=JARAVE.= The Spanish name for SARSAPARILLA BEER. See BEERS (in _pharmacy_).
=JASPER.= _Syn._ IASPIS, L. A mineral of the quartz family, occurring in rocky masses. It takes various shades of red, yellow, brown, and green, and is occasionally banded, spotted, or variegated. It was formerly used as an amulet against haemorrhages and fluxes. It is now extensively worked up into rings, seals, snuff-boxes, vases, &c., for which it is well calculated from its extreme hardness and susceptibility of receiving a fine polish.
=JATRO'PHIC ACID.= _Syn._ CROTONIC ACID, IATROPHIC A. A peculiar fatty acid discovered by Pelletier and Caventon, and originally regarded by them as the cathartic principle of croton oil and croton seeds, but since shown by Redwood and Pereira to be nearly inert.
_Prep._ The oil is saponified by caustic potassa, and the resulting soap is decomposed by tartaric acid; the fatty matter which floats on the surface of the liquid is then skimmed off the aqueous portion, and the latter submitted to distillation; the liquid in the receiver is a solution of jatrophic acid.
_Prop., &c._ Volatile; very acid; has a nauseous odour; is solid at 23, and vaporizes at 35 Fahr. It forms salts with the bases, none of which possess any practical importance.
=JAU'MANGE.= _Prep._ From isinglass, 1 oz.; boiling water, 12 oz.; dissolve, add of any sweet white wine, 1/2 pint; the yolks of 2 eggs beaten to a froth, and the grated yellow peel of two lemons; mix well, and heat the whole over the fire until sufficiently thickened, stirring all the time; lastly, serve it up or pour it into moulds.
=JAUN'DICE.= _Syn._ ICTERUS, MORBUS LUTEOLUS, L. A disease characterised by a yellow colour of the eyes and skin, deep-coloured urine, and pale alvine evacuations. It appears to arise from a disordered action of the biliary organs. The treatment consists of the administration of saline aperients, and small doses of blue-pill, followed by tonics and diaphoretics. The action of these remedies should be promoted by the copious use of diluents (particularly saline water), and exertion in the open air, when possible. When there is much pain and vomiting, anodynes (or opium, morphia, &c.) may be administered. Jaundice is not in itself a dangerous disease, but it sometimes lays the patient open to attacks of others which are so.
_Animals._--Jaundice affects cattle, giving rise to a tawny hue of the skin and membranes. Pleuro-pneumonia is frequently followed by jaundice.
The best remedies are large doses of Epsom salts combined with ginger; and if these fail to remove the costiveness, a drachm of calomel should be added. If necessary, the above purge must be repeated next day, the action being assisted by giving the animal warm fluids.
Tonics and stimulants are also sometimes superadded to the above treatment.
=JEL'LY.= _Syn._ GELATINA, L. A term now very loosely applied to various substances which are liquid or semi-liquid whilst warm, and become gelatinous on cooling.
Jellies are coloured by the addition of the usual stains used by confectioners, and are rendered transparent by clarification with white of egg.
=Jelly, Almond.= _Syn._ GELATINA AMYGDALARUM, L. _Prep._ From rich almond milk, 1/4 pint; thick hartshorn jelly, 1/2 pint; sugar, 2 oz.; with 2 or 3 bitter almonds and a little lemon peel, to flavour, heated together, strained, and moulded.
=Jelly, Ar'row-root.= _Syn._ GELATINA MARANTae, L. From arrow-root, 1-1/2 oz., to water, 1 pint. Tous les mois jelly is made in the same way.
=Jelly, Bis'cuit.= _Prep._ From white biscuit (crushed beneath the rolling-pin), 4 oz.; cold water, 2 quarts; soak for some hours, boil to one half, strain, evaporate to 1 pint, and add, of white sugar, 3/4 lb., red wine, 4 oz., and cinnamon, 1 teaspoonful. In weakness of the stomach, and in dysentery and diarrha, and in convalescence combined with rich beef gravy or soup.
=Jelly, Bladder-wrack.= (Dr Russell.) _Syn._ GELATINA FUCI. _Prep._ Bladder-wrack (_Fucus vesiculosus_), 2 lbs.; sea water, 2 lbs.; macerate for 15 days. Applied to glandular tumours.
=Jelly, Bread.= _Syn._ PANADA; GELATINA PANIS, L. _Prep._ Cut a French roll into slices, toast them on each side, and boil in water, 1 quart, until the whole forms a jelly, adding more water if required; strain, and add sugar, milk, &c., to palate. It may be made with broth from which the fat has been skimmed, instead of water. Used as the last.
=Jelly, Broth.= _Syn._ SOUP-JELLY. From broth or soup from which the fat has been skimmed, evaporated until it becomes gelatinous on cooling. A few shreds of isinglass are commonly added. See SOUP (Portable).
=Jelly, Calves' Feet.= _Prep._ For each foot take of water 3 pints, and boil to one half; cool, skim off the fat, and again boil for 2 or 3 minutes with the peel of a lemon and a little spice; remove it from the fire, strain through a jelly bag (see FILTRATION), add the juice of a lemon and a glass of wine, and when it has cooled a little put it into glasses or 'forms.'
_Obs._ If this jelly is required to be very transparent it must be treated as follows:--After the fat is removed it should be gently warmed, just enough to melt it, next well beaten with the white of an egg and the seasoning, and then brought to a boil for a minute or two, when it will be ready for straining, &c. The calves' feet should not be bought ready boiled, but only scalded. Cows' feet ('COW HEELS') make nearly as good jelly as that from calves' feet, and are much more economical.
=Jelly, Ceylon Moss.= _Syn._ GELATINA GRACILARIae, L. _Prep._ (Dr Sigmond.) Boil Ceylon moss (_Granularia lichenoides_), 1/2 oz. in water, 1 quart, for 25 minutes, or till the liquid jellies on cooling; strain and flavour.