=ODONTAL'GIA.= See TOOTHACHE.
=O'DORAMENTS.= _Syn._ ODORAMENTA, L. Substances employed in medicine on account of their odour. They differ from disinfectants, in only disguising, but not destroying, noxious vapours, &c. AMMONIA, STRONG VINEGAR, and PASTILLES, furnish the most familiar examples of this class of substances. See DISINFECTANTS, PERFUMES, &c.
=O'DOUR.= The emanation of an odoriferous or scent-giving body. See PERFUMES.
=NAN'THIC ETHER.= See ETHER (nanthic).
=OFFIC'INAL.= _Syn._ OFFICINALIS, L. A term applied to substances or medicines ordered in the Pharmacopia.
=OIL.= _Syn._ OLEUM, L.; HUILE, Fr. This name is given to numerous liquid or semi-liquid substances, expressed or drawn from animal or vegetable bodies; to various products of the distillation of bituminous minerals; and to several unctuous mixtures in perfumery and pharmacy. To facilitate reference, we have grouped the principal substances generally called 'oils' into classes, under the following heads:--OILS (Drying); OILS (Empyreumatic): OILS (Fixed); OILS (Medicated); OILS (Mineral); OILS (Mixed); OILS (Perfumed); OILS (Volatile). See these articles also _below_:--
=Oil, Consol'idated.= _Syn._ CAMPTICON, FACTITIOUS CAOUTCHOUC. A substance having most of the properties of india rubber, prepared by oxidising boiled linseed oil, or any other oil that hardens on exposure to the atmosphere. To obtain the solid oil, plates of glass are dipped into linseed oil, the films are then allowed to dry, and the process is repeated again and again until the plates are coated with many layers of perfectly oxidised oil. Instead of plates of glass, extensive surfaces of prepared cloth are employed when the manufacture is carried out on a large scale. The solid oil, having been scraped or peeled off the surfaces, is worked with a small proportion of shell-lac, by means of a mixing machine with hot rollers, until a material singularly like caoutchouc is produced.
The consolidated oil can be rolled on to fabrics, so as to form a waterproof cloth, having the finish and flexibility of rubber-cloth. By the action of heat the consolidated oil may be converted into a hard substance resembling vulcanite and ebonite. Its useful applications appear to be very numerous, but its manufacture has not as yet made much progress.
=OIL-GAS.= A mixture of several gaseous hydrocarbons, obtained by passing common whale fat, resin, the heavy petroleum or shale oil, or the tarry residues left after the distillation of these two latter substances, or other cheap animal oil, through red-hot tubes, or by allowing it to fall in drops on red-hot stones or bricks arranged in an iron retort, or other suitable apparatus. The gas has great illuminating power, requires no purification, and is quite free from the ammoniacal and sulphur compounds which vitiate coal-gas. The sp. gr. of oil-gas varies with the heat employed in its production. It averages from 076 to 090, but it may rise as high as 11.
The composition of coal gas, as given by Payen, is as follows:--
+----------------------------+--------+-----------+ Gas from Oil Gas. Petroleum residues. +----------------------------+--------+----------- Olefiant gas and homologues 225 174 Marsh gas 503 583 Hydrogen 77 243 Carbonic oxide 155 -- Nitrogen 40 -- +----------------------------+--------+-----------+
=OILS (Drying).= All the fixed oils have an attraction more or less powerful for oxygen, and, by exposure to the air, they either become hard and resinous, or they only thicken slightly, and become sour and rancid.
Those which exhibit the first property in a marked degree, as the oils of linseed, poppy, rape, and walnut, are called 'drying oils,' and are used as vehicles for colours in painting. The others are frequently termed 'glutinous' or 'non-drying oils.'
The resinifying or drying property of oils is greatly increased by boiling them, either alone or along with some litharge, sugar of lead, or white vitriol, when the product forms the 'boiled oil' or 'drying oil' (oleum desiccativum) of commerce. The efficacy of the process, according to Liebig, depends on the elimination of substances which impede the oxidation of the oil. The following formulae are adopted for this purpose:--
1. Linseed oil, 1 gall.; powdered litharge, 3/4 lb.; simmer, with frequent stirring, until a pellicle begins to form; remove the scum, and when it has become cold and has settled decant the clear portion. Dark coloured; used by house-painters.
2. Linseed oil and water, of each 1 quart; white vitriol, in powder, 2 oz.; boil to dryness. Paler than the last.
3. Pale linseed or nut oil, 1 pint; litharge or dry sulphate of lead, in fine powder, 2 oz.; mix, agitate frequently for 10 days, then set the bottle in the sun or a warm place to settle, and decant the clear portion.
Very pale.
4. Linseed oil, 100 galls.; calcined white vitriol ('sulphate of zinc'), in fine powder, 7 lbs.; mix in a clean copper boiler, heat the whole to 285 Fahr., and keep it at that temperature, with constant stirring, for at least one hour; then allow it to cool, in 24 hours decant the clear portion, and in 3 or 4 weeks more rack it for use. Used for varnishes.
5. (Liebig.) Sugar of lead, 1 lb., is dissolved in rain water, 1/2 gall.; litharge, in fine powder, 1 lb., is then added, and the mixture is gently simmered until only a whitish sediment remains; levigated litharge, 1 lb., is next diffused through linseed oil, 2-1/2 galls., and the mixture is gradually added to the lead solution, previously diluted with an equal bulk of water; the whole is now stirred together for some hours, with heat, and is, lastly, left to clear itself by exposure in a warm place.
The lead solution which subsides from the oil may be used again for the same purpose, by dissolving in it another lb. of litharge, as before.
6. (Wilks.) Into linseed oil, 236 galls., pour oil of vitriol, 6 or 7 lbs., and stir the two together for 3 hours; then add a mixture of fuller's earth, 6 lbs., and hot lime, 14 lbs., and again stir for 3 hours; next put the whole into a copper, with an equal quantity of water, and boil for about 3 hours, lastly, withdraw the fire, and when the whole is cold, draw off the water, run the oil into any suitable vessel, and let it stand for a few weeks before using it. Patent.
7. ('Allg. Polytech. Zeitung.') Binoxide of manganese (in coarse powder, but not dusty), 1 part; nut or linseed oil, 10 parts; mix, and keep the whole gently heated and frequently stirred for 24 to 36 hours, or until the oil begins to turn reddish. Recommended for zinc paint, but is equally adapted for other purposes for which boiled oil is employed.
_Obs._ There is often a difficulty in obtaining the oils 'bright' after boiling or heating them with the lead solutions; the best way, on the small scale, is either to filter them through coarse woollen filtering paper, or to expose the bottle for some time to the sun or in a warm place. On the large scale, the finer oils of this kind are often filtered through Canton-flannel bags. The litharge and sulphate of lead used in the above processes may be again rendered available for the same purpose, by washing them in hot water, to remove adhering mucilage.
=OILS (Empyreumat'ic.)= _Syn._ OLEA EMPYREUMATICA, L. The 'empyreumatic oils' of the old pharmaceutical writers were oily fluids obtained by the dry distillation of various substances, animal, vegetable, and mineral.
But few of them are in use at the present day, though formulae are given for them in some of the foreign pharmacopias. Two or three have useful applications in the arts, and it is therefore necessary that we should briefly describe their preparation. When the ingredients are of a liquid or pasty nature, or become so when heated, they are usually mixed with about twice their weight of sand, powdered glass, or other like substance, to divide them, and thus expose them more effectually to the action of the fire. Care must also be taken to provide a well-cooled receiver, which must be furnished with a tube to carry off the non-condensable gases liberated at the same time as the oil. The products of the first distillation are generally purified by rectification, either alone or along with water. In general, they require to be preserved from the light and air.
The following are the principal substances belonging to this class:--
=Oil of Al'oes.= _Syn._ ALOETIC OIL; OLEUM ALOETICUM, L. 1. From Socotrine or hepatic aloes distilled along with sand.
2. (Batavian--Cadet de Gassincourt.) Olive oil, 1 lb.; hepatic aloes and myrrh, of each in powder, 2 oz.; olibanum, 1/2 oz.; distil in a sand bath, from a stoneware retort. Used as an external vermifuge for children; a portion is rubbed 2 or 3 times a day over the umbilical regions.
=Oil of Am'ber.= _Syn._ OLEUM SUCCINI, L. From coarse pieces of amber, distilled in an iron retort, either alone or reduced to powder and mixed with sand. The oil is separated from the fetid liquor and succinic acid which passes over, and rectified along with about 6 times its volume of water, by a gentle heat. It then forms 'RECTIFIED OIL OF AMBER' (OLEUM SUCCINI--Ph. L. 1836, O. S. RECTIFICATUM--Ph. D. 1826, O. S.
PURISSIMUM--Ph. E. 1841). _Prod._ 20%.
_Prop., &c._ It has a pale yellow colour, a strong, ungrateful odour, and a hot, acrid taste; heat and air blacken and thicken it; it boils at 186 Fahr. Sp. gr. 758 at 75 Fahr. It is antispasmodic, rubefacient, and stimulant.--_Dose_, 5 to 12 drops, made into an emulsion with mucilage; in hysteria, epilepsy, and convulsive affections. Externally, as a friction, either alone or combined with laudanum or sweet oil, in rheumatism, tic douloureux, hooping-cough, &c.
=Oil of Amber, Oxydated= (_Artificial Musk_). Pat into a cup 1 dr. of oil of amber, and add to it, drop by drop, 3-1/2 fl. dr. of strong nitric acid; let it stand for 36 hours, then separate and wash the resinous matter. Antispasmodic and nervine.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr. For children, 1/2 gr. to 1 gr.
=Oil, An'imal.= 1. (Empyreumatic or Fetid; OIL OF HARTSHORN, DIPPEL'S O.; OLEUM ANIMALE EMPYREUMATICUM, O. CORNU CERVI, O. DIPPELII, L.) Chiefly obtained as a secondary product in the manufacture of bone-black. Fetid and dark coloured. Used chiefly to make lampblack.
2. (Ethereal; RECTIFIED OIL OF HARTSHORN; OLEUM ANIMALE aeSTHERIUM, O.
CORNU CERVI RECTIFICATUM, LOCO OLEI ANIMALIS DIPPELII, L.)--_a._ A finer kind of animal oil, made by slowly distilling oil of hartshorn, and collecting only the first portion that comes over. Pale and limpid.
Exposure to light discolours it.
_b._ (Ph. Bor.) Fetid animal oil distilled in a sand bath, and the product rectified with four times its volume of water. White, limpid, fragrant.
Light discolours it.
_Prop._ The refined product is said to be antispasmodic, anodyne, and diaphoretic.--_Dose_, 5 to 30 drops, in water; in large doses it acts as an irritant poison.
=Oil of Birch.= _Syn._ OLEUM BETULae, L. From the inner bark of the birch, by heating it in an earthen pot with a hole in the bottom, to allow the oil to flow through into another jar sunk in the ground and luted to it.
Thick, balsamic, fragrant. Used chiefly to dress russia leather.
=Oil of Box-wood.= _Syn._ OLEUM BUXI, O. B. EMPYREUMATICUM (Ph. L. 1746), L. From box-wood sawdust. Reputed resolvent; anodyne, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic.--_Dose_, 5 to 20 drops; in convulsions, epilepsy, gonorrha, &c. Externally, in toothache, &c.
=Oil of Bricks.= _Syn._ OLEUM LATERITIUM (Ph. L. 1746), L. From olive oil, mixed with brickdust, and distilled; or, from hot bricks steeped in olive oil, then broken to pieces, and distilled.
=Oil of Bricks (Factitious).= _Syn._ OLEUM LATERITIUM FACTITIUM, L. From linseed oil, 1 lb.; oil of turpentine, 1/2 lb.; oil of bones or of hartshorn and Barbadoes tar, of each 1 oz.; simply stirred well together.
This is generally substituted for the preceding in the shops.
=Oil of Cade.= _Syn._ OLEUM CADINUM, L.; HUILE DE CADE, Fr. From the _Juniperus oxycedrus_ or Languedoc juniper. Used as oil of tar, which is commonly sold for it.
=Oil of Coal.= _Syn._ COAL OIL. From the gas-works. See NAPHTHA.
=Oil of Gua'iacum.= _Syn._ OLEUM GUAIACI, O. G. EMPYREUMATICUM, L. From guaiacum shavings or raspings. Reputed balsamic, pectoral, and resolvent.
=Oil of Harts'horn.= Bone oil and rectified bone oil are commonly sold for it, but are inferior to it. See OIL, ANIMAL (_above_).
=Oil, Paper.= _Syn._ RAG OIL, PYROTHONIDae; OLEUM CHARTae, L. On the small scale, by burning paper on a cold tin plate, and collecting the oil; on the large scale, by the destructive distillation of paper or linen rags.
In baldness, toothache, ear-ache, &c.
=Oil, Par'affin.= See OILS, MINERAL.
=Oil, Petro"leum.= See OILS, MINERAL, PETROLEUM.
=Oil, Rag.= See OIL, PAPER, _above_.
=Oil, Rock.= See NAPHTHA, OILS, MINERAL, PETROLEUM.