1. (Rich.) Take of flour, 1 lb.; butter, 1/4 lb.; cold spring water, q. s.; make a moderately soft flexible dough, then roll in (as described above) of dry fresh butter, 1/2 lb.
2. (Ordinary.) Take of flour, 1 lb.; cold water, q. s.; make a dough, and roll in, as before, of butter, 6 oz.
3. (Rundell.) Take 1/4 peck of flour, rub into it 1 lb. of butter, and make a 'light paste' with cold water, just stiff enough to work well; next lay it out about as thick as a crown-piece; put a layer of butter all over it, sprinkle on a little flour, double it up, and roll it out again; by repeating this with fresh layers of butter three or four times, or oftener, a very light paste will be formed. Bake it in a moderately quick oven.
4. (Soyer.) Put 1 lb. of flour upon your pastry slab, make a hole in the centre, into which put a teaspoonful of salt, mix it with cold water into a softish flexible paste with the right hand, dry it off a little with flour until you have well cleared the paste from the slab, but do not work it more than you can possibly help; let it remain for 2 or 3 minutes upon the slab, then take 1 lb. of fresh butter from which you have squeezed all the buttermilk in a cloth, and brought to the same consistency as the paste, upon which place it; press it out flat with the hand, then fold over the edges of the paste so as to hide the butter, and reduce it with the rolling-pin to the thickness of about 1/2 an inch, when it will be about two feet in length; fold over one third, over which again pass the rolling-pin; then fold over the other third, thus forming a square; place it with the ends top and bottom before you, shaking a little flour both under and over, and repeat the rolls and turns twice again as before; flour a 'baking-sheet,' upon which lay it, on ice, if handy, or otherwise, in some cool place, for about half an hour; then roll it twice more, turning it as before, and again place it upon ice or in the cold for 1/4 of an hour; next give it two more rolls, making seven in all, and it is ready for use. "You must continually add enough flour while rolling to prevent your paste sticking to the slab."
HALF-PUFF PASTE. As the preceding, using only one half the quantity of butter, and giving the paste only 3 or 4 folds.
SHORT PASTE, SHORT CRUST.--1. Flour (dry and warm), 1 lb.; sugar, 3 oz.; butter, 1/4 lb.; 2 eggs; water, 1/2 pint; make a light dough. If one half of 'Jones's patent flour' be used, no eggs will be required.
2. (Soyer.) Put on the 'paste slab' or 'pie board' 1 lb. of flour, 2 oz.
of pounded sugar, 6 oz. of butter, 1 egg, 1/2 teaspoonful of salt, and 1/2 pint of water; mix the sugar and water well together, add them with the water by degrees to the flour, and form a paste, but firmer than puff paste.
PIE PASTE. That commonly used is 'short paste,' varied at will; but at good tables the upper crust of the pie is generally made of 'puff paste,'
and the remainder of 'short paste.'
PUDDING PASTE. This for baked puddings may resemble the last. For boiled puddings (or indeed for any), the paste may be either ordinary 'short paste,' or one made with 2 to 6 oz. of butter or lard, or 3 to 8 oz. of chopped beef suet, to each lb. of flour, with or without an egg, and a little sugar, according to the means of the parties. The first is most appropriate for those containing fresh fruit, and that with suet for meat puddings, and those containing dried fruit, as grocers currants, plums, &c. Milk or milk-and-water is often used instead of simple water to make the dough. Ginger, spices, savory herbs, &c., are common additions to the crusts of puddings. Where economy is an object, and especially among the lower classes, kitchen fat is frequently substituted for suet, and lard for butter. When 'Jones's patent flour' is employed, an excellent plain pudding paste may be made by simply mixing it up with very cold water, and immediately putting it into the water, which should be boiling, and kept in that state until the pudding is dressed.
=PA'TENT MED'ICINES.= _Syn._ MEDICAMENTA ARCANA, L. The majority of the preparations noticed under this head are the nostrums popularly termed 'quack medicines,' and which are sold with a Government stamp attached to them. A few other secret or proprietary remedies are also, for convenience, included in the list. An alphabetical arrangement, based on the names of the reputed inventors or proprietors of the articles, has been adopted, as being the one best suited for easy reference. The composition of a number of them is given from careful personal inspection and analysis (by Mr Cooley), and that of the remainder on the authority of Gray, Griffith, Paris, Redwood, the members of the Philadelphia College of pharmacy, and other respectable writers. A variety of articles, not included in the following list, is noticed along with other preparations for the class to which they belong, or under the names of their proprietors. See BALSAM, CERATE, DROPS, ESSENCE, TINCTURE, OINTMENT, PILLS, &c.
=Abernethy's Pills.= See ABERNETHY MEDICINES.
=Albinolo's Ointment.= See HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT (_below_).
=Ali Ahmed's Treasures of the Desert.= There are three preparations included under this name:--
_a._ (ANTISEPTIC MALAGMA.) From lead plaster, 3 parts; gum, thus and salad oil, of each 2 parts; beeswax, 1 part; melted together by a gentle heat, and spread upon calico.
_b._ (PECTORAL, ANTIPHTHISIS, or COUGH PILLS.) From myrrh, 3-1/2 lbs.; squills and ipecacuanha, of each 1 lb. (all in powder); white soft soap, 10 oz.; oil of aniseed, 1-1/4 oz; treacle, q. s. to form a pill mass.
_c._ (SPHAIROPEPTIC or ANTIBILIOUS PILLS.) From aloes, 28 lbs.; colocynth pulp, 12 lbs.; rhubarb, 7 lbs.; myrrh and scammony, of each 3-1/2 lbs.; ipecacuanha, 3 lbs.; cardamom seeds, 2 lbs. (all in powder); soft soap, 9 lbs.; oil of juniper, 7 fl. oz.; treacle, q. s. This, as well as the last, is divided into 3-1/2 gr. pills, which are then covered with tin foil or silver leaf. An excellent aperient pill, no doubt, and one likely to prove useful in all those cases in which the administration of a mild diaphoretic and stomachic purge is indicated. Unlike many of the advertised nostrums of the day, there is nothing in their composition that can by any possibility, prove injurious; but beyond this they are destitute of virtue.
=Anderson's Scot's Pills.= See PILLS.
=Atkinson's Infant Preservative.= From carbonate of magnesia, 6 dr.; white sugar, 2 oz.; oil of aniseed, 20 drops; spirit of sal volatile, 2-1/2 dr.; laudanum, 1 dr.; syrup of saffron, 1 oz.; caraway water to make up 1 pint.
=Balm of Rackasiri.= See BALSAM.
=Balsam of Life.= _Syn._ BAUME DE VIE, Fr. Several compound medicines of this name are noticed on page 261. The following are well-known nostrums:--
1. (Hoffman's)--_a._ Of the oils of cinnamon, cloves, lemon, lavender, and nutmegs, and balsam of Peru, of each 2 dr.; essence of ambergris, oil of amber, and oil of rue, of each 1 dr.; cochineal, 12 gr.; strongest rectified spirit, 3-1/2 pints; mix.
_b._ (Ph. Dan. 1840.) Oils of cinnamon, cloves, lavender, and nutmegs, of each 20 gr.; purified oil of amber, 10 drops; balsam of Peru, 30 gr.; rectified spirit (tinged with alkanet root), 10 oz.
2. (Gabius's.) Nearly similar to Hoffmann's.
3. (Turlington's.) Benzoin and liquid styrax, of each 12 oz.; balsam of tolu and extract of liquorice, of each 4 oz.; balsam of Peru, 2 oz.; aloes, myrrh, and angelica root, of each 1 oz.; highly rectified spirit of wine, 7 pints; digest, with frequent agitation for 10 days, and filter.
Externally, the above are rubefacient and corroborant; internally, stimulant, cordial, and pectoral.
=Betton's British Oil.= From oil of turpentine, 1 pint; Barbadoes tar, 1/2 lb.; oil of rosemary, 1 fl. oz.
=Blake's Green-mountain Ointment.= We are told that the active ingredient in this compound is _Arnica montana_, with a basis of soap cerate. It is very useful as an external applications in several affections. The chief objection to its use is that it is a secret preparation.
=Blake's Toothache Essence.= From alum, in fine powder, 1 dr.; sweet spirit of nitre, 5 dr.
=Boerhaave's Odontalgic Essence.= From opium, 1/2 dr.; oil of cloves, 5 dr.; powdered camphor, 5 dr.; rectified spirit, 1-1/2 fl. oz.
=Bouchardat's Tasteless Aperient.= From phosphate of soda, 3/4 oz., placed in a soda-water bottle, which is then filled up with carbonated water, at the bottling machine. For a dose.
=Brand's Tooth Tincture.= From pellitory of Spain (bruised), 1 oz.; camphor, 3/4 oz.; opium, 1/4 oz.; oil of cloves, 1 dr.; digested for 10 days in rectified spirit, 1/2 pint.
=Brodum's Nervous Cordial.= _Prep._ 1. "Originally it consisted simply of an infusion of gentian root in English gin, coloured and flavoured with a little red lavender (compound spirit of lavender.). After a time the doctor added a little bark to the nostrum, and subsequently made other additions." ('Anat. of Quackery,')
2. (Paris.) Tinctures of gentian, calumba, cardamoms, and cinchona, compound spirits of lavender, and steel wine, of each equal parts. "It is tonic, stomachic, and stimulant; but, beyond these, possesses no curative properties." 'Anat. of Quackery.'
=Chlorodyne.= This nostrum, which was first introduced as "a combination of perchloric acid with a new alkaloid," has become a popular anodyne and sedative. Several preparations are sold under this name, and the claims of the rival makers have occasioned some expensive lawsuits. The name was undoubtedly invented by Dr J. Collis Browne, but Mr Freeman, pharmaceutical chemist, claims to be the inventor of the preparation.
Whether Browne's and Freeman's 'chlorodynes' are essentially the same, we are not able to determine, but we know that there is not the slightest foundation for the statements made by each manufacturer respecting the new vegetable principle contained in his medicine. Chlorodyne, in every one of its forms, is simply a mixture of certain well-known materials, some of which are rather dangerous ingredients for a popular nostrum. According to the analysis of Dr Odgen, Browne's chlorodyne is composed as follows:--
Chloroform, 6 dr.; chloric ether, 1 dr.; tincture of capsicum, 1/2 dr.; oil of peppermint, 2 drops; hydrochlorate of morphine, 8 gr.; Scheele's hydrocyanic acid, 12 drops; perchloric acid, 20 drops; tincture of Indian hemp, 1 dr.; treacle, 1 dr. 'Towle's chlorodyne' is prepared according to this formula, the ingredients being named on the label.
=Clarke's Conglutinum.= See CONGLUTINUM.
=Cochrane's Cough Remedy.= Acidulated syrup of poppies.
=Corn Nostrums.= See CORN.
=Cottereau's Odontalgic Essence.= A nearly saturated ethereal solution of camphor, mixed with about 1/12th of its volume of strong liquor of ammonia.
=Curtis's Anti-venereal Lotion.= A mixture of Beaufoy's solution of chloride of lime, 2 fl. oz., with cold soft water, 8 fl. oz. For use, 1 to 2 table-spoonfuls are put into a wine-glassful of water.
=Dalby's Carminative.= 1. (Dr Paris.) Carbonate of magnesia, 40 gr.; tincture of castor and compound tincture of cardamoms, of each 30 drops; tincture of assaftida, and spirit of pennyroyal, of each 15 drops; laudanum, 5 drops; oil of aniseed, 3 drops; oil of nutmeg, 2 drops; oil of peppermint, 1 drop; peppermint water, 2 fl. oz.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful. The bottle should be well shaken before pouring it out.
2. (Wholesale.) Carbonate of magnesia, 1 oz.; tincture of castor, 5 fl.
dr.; tincture of assaftida, 3 fl. dr.; oils of aniseed and pennyroyal, of each 1/4 fl. dr.; oil of nutmeg, 15 drops; syrup of poppies, 7 oz.; rectified spirit. 3-1/2 fl. oz.; peppermint water, 1/2 pint; as before.
=Davidson's Cancer Remedy.= A mixture of arsenious acid and hemlock, both in powder. (Dr Paris.)
=Davis's Calorific.= The 'LIQUID' is commercial acetic acid (sp. gr.
1048), dilated with about an equal volume of water, and coloured with burnt sugar or spirit colouring. The 'SHIELD' consists of a piece of red flannel backed with oil skin, to prevent evaporation. A few drops of calorific are sprinkled on the flannel, which is then bound over the affected part. The heat of the body gradually volatilises the acetic acid, and the escape of the vapour being prevented by the oil skin, a strongly counter-irritant action is set up.
=Derbyshire's Embrocation.= From opium and mottled soap, of each 2 oz.; extract of henbane, 2 dr.; and mace, 1/2 dr.; boiled for 30 minutes, in water, 3 pints; to the cold liquor, rectified spirit, 1 quart, and liquor of ammonia, 1 fl. oz., are added, and, after repose, the clear portion is decanted. A preventive of sea-sickness.
=Deshler's Cerate.= Yellow basilicon.
=Duncan's Gout Medicine.= See GOUT.
=Dutch Ague Remedy.= A mixture formed of Peruvian bark and cream of tartar, of each 1 oz.; cloves, 1/2 dr.; reduced to fine powder.--_Dose_, 1-1/2 dr., every 3 hours. (Dr Paris.)