2. Boil the goods for a short time in a bath of logwood; then add to the liquor tartar and verdigris, in the proportion of 1 oz. of each to every lb. of logwood employed; and again boil for a short time.
3. Give the goods a mordant of tartar; lift, add a little chromate of potash; again work for 15 or 20 minutes, and rinse; next boil in a bath of logwood, adding towards the last a few grains more of the chromate; again boil, and finish. The whole quantity of chromate used should not exceed 1/4 oz. to each lb. of logwood taken for the bath. Very dark.
4. Bilberries, elder-berries, mulberries, privet-berries, and several other like vegetable substances, may be used to dye blue, as above, instead of logwood.
_Obs._ By increasing the proportion of alum or red-liquor the colour verges on purple; and by employing a little acetate of iron or green copperas, the darker shades of blue are produced. Verdigris, blue vitriol, and alkalies, turn it more on the blue; whilst a mordant of tin imparts a violet cast. If much more chromate be used than that ordered the result is a blue-black. See DYEING, INDIGO, LOGWOOD, MORDANTS, PRUSSIAN BLUE, &c.
=Blue Pig'ments=. _Syn._ CaeRU'LEA, &c., L. The preparation of the principal blue pigments of commerce is described under their respective names. In the following list those for which directions are given are of a miscellaneous and less usual character.
=Az'ure.= _Syn._ Azure Blue. A name frequently given to smalts. That of the oil-painter is ultramarine; that of the ancients is noticed below. See ULTRAMARINE, &c.
=Blue, Barth's=. See INDIGO, SULPHATE OF.
=Blue, Berlin.= Prussian blue.
=Blue, Bice.= Native blue carbonate of copper, prepared by grinding and elutriation. That of the shops is generally a factitious compound made from smalts.
=Blue, Carmine.= See CARMINE and INDIGO, SULPHATE OF.
=Blue, Char'coal.= Carbonised vine-stalks are triturated with an equal weight of salt of tartar or pearlash, the mixture put into a crucible, and heated over the fire until it ceases to swell, the mass being kept well stirred all the time; when cold, it is dissolved in water, and the excess of alkali saturated with dilute sulphuric acid. The liquid becomes blue, and a dark precipitate falls down, which turns of a brilliant blue colour when dried and cautiously heated.
=Blue, Chi'na.= _Syn._ Roy'al Smalts. The crude oxide of cobalt, or zaffre, is ground with an equal weight of potash, and about eight times its weight of felspar, the mixture submitted to fusion in a crucible, and when cold reduced to an impalpable powder. Used to paint pottery, and as a blue pigment.
=Blue, Co'balt.= _Syn._ Cobalt'ic Az'ure. This is commonly prepared by one or other of the following formulae:--
1. Zaffre, 1 lb., is dissolved in nitric acid (diluted with an equal weight of water), 3/4 lb., by digestion for some hours; the solution is evaporated nearly to dryness, and the residuum redissolved in warm water; to this solution, after filtration, a solution of phosphate of soda is added as long as a precipitate forms; this last is collected on a filter, washed with cold water, and mixed, whilst still moist, with 8 times its weight of fresh-precipitated hydrate of alumina; the paste is then dried, and exposed to a cherry-red heat in a crucible, after which the mass is cooled and reduced to a very fine powder.
2. A solution of nitrate of cobalt is precipitated with ammonia-alum, and the precipitate washed, dried, and exposed to a cherry-red heat, as before. The products of the above formulae are very beautiful and permanent. See COBALTO-ULTRAMARINE.
=Egyp'tian Az'ure.= Alexan'drian Frit, Azure of the Ancients. A mixture of carbonate of soda, 1 _lb._; calcined flints, 1-1/2 _lb._; copper filings, 1/4 _lb._ (all in fine powder); fused together in a crucible for 2 or 3 hours, and when cold, reduced to an impalpable powder. A beautiful and unchangeable sky-blue colour. Used in both oil and fresco painting; and as a substitute for smalts, of which, indeed, it is a variety.
=In'digo= (which _see_).
=Blue, I'ron.= Fer'ric blue. Ordinary phosphate of iron prepared by precipitating a solution of protosulphate of iron with another of phosphate of soda, the resulting powder being washed, and dried at a gentle heat. A lively sky-blue colour, but without much depth or body.
=Blue, Lake.= See LAKES and INDIGO, SULPHATE OF.
=Blue, Molybde'num.= From sulphuret of molybdenum, dissolved in nitric acid, and some tin filings and a little muriatic acid added. After digestion for some time the clear liquid is poured off, and evaporated to dryness. The resulting powder is then mixed with moist hydrate of alumina (as in making cobalt blue), heated to a very dull red, and when it has again become cold, reduced to powder. Used both as a paint and an enamel-colour.
=Blue, Moun'tain.= Native carbonate of copper, mixed with more or less earthy matter, reduced to fine powder. That of the shops is often factitious.
=Blue, Par'is.= Prussian blue.
=Blue, Pow'der.= Smalts.
=Blue, Prus"sian= (which _see_).
=Blue, Queen's.= See THUMB-BLUE (_below_).
=Blue, San'der's.= Ultramarine-ashes.
=Blue, Sax'on.= Saxon Az'ure. A compound of hydrate of alumina and Prussian blue, prepared as follows:--
1. To sulphate of iron, 1 _oz._; and alum, 8 _oz._; dissolved in water, 1 gall.; add, simultaneously, separate solutions of prussiate of potash and common pearlash, until they cease to produce a precipitate; after repose collect the deposit, wash it well with water, and dry it.
2. A solution of sulphate of iron is precipitated with another of prussiate of potash, and instantly mixed with the precipitate which has just been obtained by treating a solution of alum with a solution of pearlash; the mixed precipitates being finally treated as before.
=Smalts= (which _see_; also CHINA-BLUE and EGYPTIAN AZURE, _above_).
=Blue, Thenard's.= See ULTRAMARINE (Cobaltic).
=Blue, Thumb'.= Cake'-blue, Crown'-blue, Fig'-blue, Knob'-blue, Mech'lenburg-blue, (mek'-), Queen's-blue, Stone-blue, &c. Names given to the lump-blue used in laundries, which vary according to the quality and the particular form given to it.
_Prep._ 1. A mixture of powdered starch with sufficient indigo (in impalpable powder) to give the necessary colour, made into a stiff dough with starch-paste, and then formed into lumps or cakes of the desired size and shape, and dried. This forms the ordinary 'washerwoman's blue' of the shops.
2. As the last, but substituting caeruleo-sulphate of potassa or blue carmine[226] for the 'powdered indigo' ordered in the last formula. Very fine.
[Footnote 226: See INDIGO (Sulphate of).]
3. As No. 1, but substituting whiting for the powdered starch and weak size, or a decoction of Irish moss for the starch-paste. Inferior.
_Uses, &c._ Employed by laundresses to impart a faint blue tinge to linen, in order to increase its apparent whiteness. The common forms given to it are that of small balls of about 3/4 to 1 inch in diameter; the same, but rather larger, and pinched with the thumb and finger in three directions, so as to leave corresponding depressions (THUMB-BLUE); and cakes, which are cut out of the mass, previously rolled into a sheet, by a suitably shaped cutter.
=Blue, Turnbull's.= Ferridcyanide of iron (which _see_; also TURNBULL'S BLUE).
=Blue Verditer.= See VERDITER.
=Ultramarine'= (-rene'), _U.-blue._ See ULTRAMARINE.
=BLUSH'ING.= _Syn._ RU'BOR, RUBE'DO, L. In _physiology_, &c., the red glow on the cheeks or face occasioned by confusion, bashfulness, surprise, or shame.
Blushing is caused by a sudden increase in the quantity and velocity of the blood in the capillaries, occasioning their turgescence; and, consequently, a heightening of the natural pale-reddish hue of the skin.
It is referable to sudden mental emotions of an exciting character, such as surprise, confusion, consciousness of slight, injury, or indignity, and the like. Emotions of a depressing character frequently produce an opposite effect. This is termed pallor, and depends on the rush of blood from the skin and surface of the body upon the internal organs. The first, though often unpleasant, is never dangerous; the last always so. The cure of the habit of blushing consists in persisting efforts to maintain a sufficient degree of presence of mind and self-confidence to permit of reflection, or a calm view of the exciting circumstance, instead of sinking into a state of temporary mental imbecility and helpless confusion.
'=BLUTANDRANG UND LUFTROHREN-VERSCHLEIMUNG=' (remedy for congestion and obstruction of the air-vessels), manufactured and sold by the inventor, C.
Tanzer, 18, Kesselstrasse, Berlin,' is the title of a twelve-page pamphlet. For cold in the head, the apparatus, which consists of a small linen cushion to bind over the mouth, is moistened with 10 to 15 drops of the fluid. The fluid (150 grammes) is a mixture of spirit of wine and acetic ether, in which some arnica, milfoil, &c., have been macerated.
(Hager.)
=BLUTHENHARZ--FLOWER RESIN= (Kwizda, Kornenburg). Against barrenness in domestic animals. A mixture of 9 parts powdered Bergundy pitch with 1 part pine pollen, 3/4 oz. (Hager.)
=BOARDS, to make White.= Boards may be rendered white and clean by scrubbing them, instead of with soap, with a mixture composed of one part of freshly slaked lime and three parts of white sand.
=BOCKBIERESSENZ=, for the artificial imitation of bockbier. A tincture of 1 part lupulin, 2 parts pyroligneous acid, and 8 parts spirit of wine.
(Hager.)
=BOG SPAVIN.= In horses, a distension of the bursa or sheath of the true hock joint. Mr Finlay Dun prescribes rest; high-heeled shoe, fomentation, cold water, spring truss, counter-irritation, firing-iron; seton.
=BOIL= (boyl). _Syn._ FURUN'CULUS, L.; FURONCLE, Fr.; BEULE, EITERSTOCK, Ger. In _surgery_, a well-known inflammatory tumour, of a superficial and more or less temporary character, which generally terminates by suppuration.