=Ispahan=, Persia. 33N. 52E. Said to have been f. by Jews who were taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar; former capital of Persia. Tamerlane massacred the inhabitants, 1392; besieged and plundered by Afghans, 1722; re-taken by Nadir Shah, 1729. (See Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
=Issus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 36E. Alexander the Great conquered Darius in a decisive battle, 333 B.C.; Septimus Severus defeated Niger, 194; Heraclius overthrew Persians, 622.
=Istalif=, Afghanistan. 35N. 69E. Destroyed by British, 1842.
=Jabbok= ('copious river'), Palestine. 32N. 36E. River on the banks of which Jacob is supposed to have wrestled with an angel. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.')
=Jaffa=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Celebrated in heathen mythology as the scene of the adventure of Perseus and Andromeda, in Scripture history as the port from which Jonas embarked and city in which Peter raised Tabitha.
Caesar yielded town to the Jews, but it returned to Rome, 6; taken by El-Malik el-Adil, Saladin's brother, 1188; ceded to Christians, 1204; restored by Frederick II., 1228; fortified by St. Louis, 1252; dismantled by Beybars, 1267; taken by Napoleon, 1799; by Mehemet Ali, 1832; by Turks, 1840. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1838. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
=Jalalabad=, Afghanistan. 34N. 70E. F. by Akbar, 1570. Sir Robert Sale made a successful resistance against Afghans, 1842.
=Jalandhar=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Visited by Hiuen Tsiang. Destroyed by Sikhs, 1757; taken by Ranjit Singh, 1811.
=Jamalpur=, Bengal. 25N. 86E. Chief locomotive centre of East Indian Railway, described by Kipling in 'Among the Railway Folk.'
=Jaypur=, Rajputana. 27N. 76E. F. by Sawai Jai Singh, 1728; greatest city of Rajputana. (See Kipling's 'Letters of Marque.')
=Jericho=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city frequently mentioned in biblical history, and also by Josephus and Strabo. It was destroyed by Joshua, but rebuilt in Ahab's reign. Here Christ healed blind Bartimaeus.
(See Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,'
Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
=Jerusalem=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient capital of Palestine, mentioned in Egyptian record c. 1400 B.C. Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, 586 B.C.; Jews permitted to return by Cyrus, 536 B.C.; Jews massacred by Antiochus IV., 168 B.C.; fortified by Judas Maccabaeus, 165 B.C.; captured by Pompey, 63 B.C.; taken and destroyed by Titus, 70; new city f. by Hadrian, 71; Godfrey de Bouillon reigned, 1099; passed into hands of Ottoman Turks, 1516. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Firdausi's 'Sha Name,'
Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,'
'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
=Jezreel= ('God sows'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. A town near which Saul fell in battle, containing the res. of Jezebel and Ahab.
=Jhansi=, Central India. 26N. 79E. F. by Bir Singh Deo. Massacre of Europeans in the Mutiny, 1857.
=Jhelum=, Punjab. 31N. 72E. The Hydaspes of classical literature, on the banks of which Alexander the Great defeated the Indian chief Porus.
=Jidda=, Arabia. 22N. 39E. Taken by Turks, 1840; massacre of Christian missionaries, 1858. Contains supposed tomb of Eve. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
=Jind=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. Attacked by Gajpat Singh, 1755; Rahim Dad Khan here met his death, 1775.
=Joonir=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. F. by Malik-ut-Tujar, 1436; pillaged by Sivaji, 1657.
=Jordan=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Chief river of Palestine, of which mention occurs frequently in biblical history. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,'
Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')
=Jugduluk=, Afghanistan. 35N. 70E. British troops massacred, 1842.
=Kabbaldurga=, Madras. 12N. 77E. Chama Rajah imprisoned here in 1734, and Morari Rao by Hyder Ali.
=Kabul=, Afghanistan. 35N. 69E. Conquered by Nadir Shah, 1739; by British, 1839; massacre of British soldiers, 1842; retaken by British, 1842; by Shere Ali, 1868; massacre of Major Cavagnari, 1879; Lord Roberts subdued city in his campaign, 1878-80. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')
=Kagoshima=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Destroyed by British fleet, 1863; Satsuma Rebellion had its origin here, but was crushed, 1877.
=Kaithal=, Punjab. 30N. 76E. Contains tomb of Mohammedan saint Salah-ud-din of Balkh. Captured by Bhai Desu Singh, 1767.
=Kalat=, Baluchistan. 29N. 67E. Unsuccessfully attacked by Ahmad Shah Durrani, 1758; captured by British, 1839.
=Kalgan=, China. 41N. 115E. Walled city mentioned by A. J. Little in 'The Far East.'
=Kallinjar=, Bengal. 25N. 80E. Connected with worship of Siva. Attacked by Mahmoud of Ghazni, 1023; captured by Kutb-ud-din, 1203; besieged by Humayun, 1530; taken by Akbar, 1569; by British, 1812.
=Kalpi=, United Provs. 26N. 80E. Said to have been f. by Basdeo. Captured by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; by Humayun, 1527; by British, 1798.
=Kalyan=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Captured by Portuguese, 1536; by Mohammedans, 1660; by British, 1780.
=Kamagawa=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Town at which treaty was signed opening Japan to Europeans, 1854.
=Kamakura=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Former capital of Shogunate, and contains colossal statue of Buddha. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')
=Kampil=, Bengal. 28N. 79E. Mentioned in 'Mahabharata' as scene of wedding of Draupadi.
=Kan-chow=, China. 39N. 101E. Described in 'Travels of Marco Polo.'
=Kanchrapara=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. Bp. of Iswar Chandra Gupta.
=Kandahar=, Afghanistan. 32N. 66E. F. by Ahmed Shah, 1747, near site of city f. by Alexander the Great, 330 B.C. Taken by British, 1839, 1879.
Stormed by Ayub Khan, but relieved by Lord Roberts, 1880.
=Kandy=, Ceylon. 7N. 81E. Contained temple in which was supposed to be a tooth of Buddha; destroyed by Portuguese. Capital of Ceylon, 1592; taken by Portuguese, 1796; entered by British, 1803; became British possession, 1815.
=Kang-hwa= ('river-flower'), Korea. 38N. 127E. Plundered by French under Admiral Roze, 1866; attacked by Americans, 1871; peace established by treaty, 1875.
=Kangra=, Punjab. 32N. 76E. Pillaged by Firoz Shah, 1360; taken by Sansar Chand, 1785.
=Kapilavastu=, Nepal. 28N. 83E. Site of city not definitely known, but was ancient capital of Sakyas, and bp. of Buddha. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia.')
=Karachi=, Sind. 25N. 67E. F. in 1725; ceded by Talpur Amirs to British, 1842.
=Karakoram=, China. 46N. 102E. Said to be ancient capital of Genghis Khan.
(See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
=Karazan=, China. 25N. 103E. Capital of province of Yun-Nan. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
=Karikal=, Madras, 11N. 80E. Ceded to French by Rajah of Tanjaur, 1739; seized by British, 1803; restored to French, 1814.
=Karnal=, Punjab. 30N. 77E. Contains tomb of Bu-Ali Kalandar. Pillaged by Ibrahim Husain Mirza, 1573; captured by Mahrattas, 1787; by British, 1805.
=Kars=, Armenia. 41N. 43E. Taken by Turks, 1546; fortified, 1579; conquered by Persians, 1744; by Russians, under Paskevitch, 1828; Ismael Pasha and General Williams held it unsuccessfully against Russians, 1855; stormed by Russians, 1877; and ceded to them, 1878.
=Karur= ('embryo town'), Madras. 11N. 78E. Seized by British, 1760; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.