What are the causes of language endangerment and disappearance? "A language disappears when its speakers disappear or when they shift to speaking another language -- most often, a larger language used by a more powerful group. Languages are threatened by external forces such as military, economic, religious, cultural or educational subjugation, or by internal forces such as a community's negative attitude towards its own language. Today, increased migration and rapid urbanization often bring along the loss of traditional ways of life and a strong pressure to speak a dominant language that is -- or is perceived to be -- necessary for full civic participation and economic advancement."