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[103] . Tolkien wanted to rent a college house, because 20 Northmoor Road was proving too large for his family's present needs. . Hugo Dyson was elected a Fellow of Merton and was admitted to the college at the same time as Tolkien.

[105] . 'The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun' . 'The Notion Club Papers': see Biography pp.171-2.

[107] . Nothing is known of this person's identity. . Tolkien had arranged to rent this house from Merton College.

[108] . C. H. Wilkinson was the English tutor at Worcester College.

[109] . See note 1 to no. 128. . The first three people in this list were probably Owen Barfield, R. E. Havard and W. H. Lewis; the others cannot certainly be identified, though the artist may have been Tolkien's first cousin Marjorie Incledon, who was a painter. . An earlier name for Fredegar or Fatty Bolger. . '"Policemen never come so far, and the map-makers have not reached this country yet. They have seldom even heard of the king round here....."' (The Hobbit, Chapter 2.) This passage was greatly changed in a later revision. . These pages contain references to the Necromancer. . The Unwins were travelling to Switzerland.

[111] . S. R. T. O. d'Ardenne.

[112] Transcription (pairs of letters in italics are represented by one character in the runes): THRE MANOR ROAD.

SUNDAY NOV[E]MBER.

THE THIRTIETH.

DEAR MRS FARRER: OF COURSE I WILL SIGN YOUR COPY OF THE HOBBIT. I AM HONOURED BY THE RECWEST. IT IS GOOD NEWS THAT THE BOOK IS OBTAINABLE AGAIN. THE NEXT BOOK WILL CO[N]TAIN MORE DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT RUNES AND OTHER ALFABETS IN RESPO[N]SE TO MANY ENCWIRIES. IN THE MEANTIME WHILE THE GREAT WORK IS BEING FINIS[H]ED I WONDER IF YOU WOULD LIKE A PROPER KEY TO THE SPECIAL DWARVIS[H] ADAPTATION OF THE ENGLIS[H] RUNIC ALFABET ONLY PART OF WHICH APPEARS IN THE HOBBIT INCLUDING THE COVER. WE ENIOYED LAST MONDAY EUENING VERY MUCH AND HOPE FOR A RETURN MATCH SOON.

YOURS SINCERELY.

J. R. R. TOLKIEN.

[113] . Sir Gawain, line 2363, 'the most faultless knight'. . It appears that Hugo Dyson had been putting it about that Tolkien objected to Lewis's 'loud' manner in the Inklings. . Archaic, 'if. . Bird and Baby, i.e. Eagle and Child pub.

[114] . Hugh Brogan had been a pupil at the school.

[115] . An Elvish sage in Tol Eressa from whom the mariner Aelfwine heard the legends that make up The Silmarillion; see Biography pp. 90,169.

[118] Transcription (in the runic passage, pairs of letters in italics are represented by one character in the runes; the letter 'Z' is used for the voiced 'S'): DEAR HUGH THIS [I]Z JUST TO WISH YOU A HAPPY.

CHRISTMAS IN DWARF RUNEZ.

dear hugh: this iz just to wish you a very happy christmas

in two styles of elvish script: i am sending some explanations,

and hope you wont find them too complicated.

The third inscription repeats the wording of the second, inserting the word 'I' between 'and' and 'hope'.

[124] . Tolkien was overestimating the combined length of the two works by several hundred thousand words. . i.e. the planned sequel to Farmer Giles of Ham.

[126] . Another Merton College house, not far from 3 Manor Road, which had proved too small for the Tolkiens' needs.

[127] . Unwin's second letter was an acknowledgement of Tolkien's note of 2 April. . Tolkien's anger with Allen & Unwin is shown by the much more strongly-worded draft for this letter, which is quoted in Biography p. 210, in the passage beginning 'i.e. that you may be willing to take....'

[128] . In the original version of Chapter 5 of The Hobbit, Gollum really does intend to give Bilbo the Ring when the hobbit wins the riddle-game, and is deeply apologetic when he finds that it is missing: 'I don't know how many times Gollum begged Bilbo's pardon. He kept on saying: "We are ssorry; we didn't mean to cheat, we meant to give it our only present, if it won the competition." He even offered to catch Bilbo some nice juicy fish to eat as a consolation. 'Bilbo, who has the Ring in his pocket, persuades Gollum to lead him out of the underground passages, which Gollum does, and the two of them part company in a civil manner.

[130] . The note, which was included in the second edition of The Hobbit, explained the change of text in Chapter 5 : 'There the true story of the ending of the Riddle Game, as it was eventually revealed (under pressure) by Bilbo to Gandalf, is now given according to the Red Book, in place of the version Bilbo first gave to his friends, and actually set down in his diary. This departure from truth on the part of a most honest hobbit was a portent of great significance. It does not, however, concern the present story, and those who in this edition make their first acquaintance with hobbit-lore need not trouble about it. Its explanation lies in the history of the Ring, as set out in the chronicles of the Red Book of Westmarch, and it must await their publication.'

[131] . See introductory note to no.19. . Noumenon, neuter of the present participle of (noein), to apprehend, conceive; introduced by Kant in contrast to 'phenomenon', and given the meaning 'an object of purely intellectual intuition, devoid of all phenomenal attributes'. . The text of this letter is taken from a typescript made, at Milton Waldman's instigation, by a professional typist (there are a number of misspellings of names, which Tolkien has corrected); it appears that here the typist has omitted some words from Tolkien's MS. . Tar-Calion (the Quenya name for Ar-Pharazn) was originally the thirteenth ruler of Numenor; in later developments of the history of Nmenor he became the twenty-fifth (usually recorded as the twenty-fourth, but see Unfinished Tales p. 226, note 11). . As earlier letters in this book show. The Lord of the Rings was in fact begun in December 1937.

[132] . C. L. Wrenn succeeded Tolkien as Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford.

[133] . Rayner Unwin's letter of 29 [sic] November said that he was 'hoping that I might get the chance of seeing Silmarillion. Believe it or not I am still quite certain that you have something most important for publication in this book and The Lords of the Ring! [sic]' . Maurice Bowra, Warden of Wadham College and, at this time. Vice Chancellor of Oxford University. . In a later letter on the subject of the oral transmission of 'Errantry', Tolkien noted that 'a curious feature was the preservation of the word sigaldry, which I got from a thirteenth-century text'. (To Donald Swann, 14 October 1966.) . See Inklings p. 57. . Sir John Burnett-Stuart [sic] commanded the 1st Battalion of the Rifle Brigade in the Second World War. . i.e. 'Authorised Version' and 'Revised Version'. . Russell Meiggs, who edited the Oxford Magazine in the 1930s, is uncertain which member of the Nowell Smith family was among his predecessors. . It may appear at a first glance that Tolkien did write another poem in this metre, 'Erendil was a mariner', which appears in Book II Chapter 1 of The Lord of the Rings. But this poem is arguably a development of 'Errantry' rather than a separate composition.

[134] . Michael Tolkien was teaching at the Oratory School in Berkshire and had a cottage nearby. . The offices of Allen & Unwin, near the British Museum. . For more about these tape-recordings, some of which were issued on gramophone records in 1975, see Biography p. 213.

[135] . Tolkien's contribution to Essays & Studies was "The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorthelm's Son', which was published in this journal in 1953. . The lecture, given in Glasgow on 15 April 1953, consisted of a discussion of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with particular attention to Gawain's temptation to commit adultery with the Lady, and his confession in the chapel at Bercilak's court before going out to meet the Green Knight. . The first British atomic bomb test took place in the Monte Bello Islands, off Australia, on 3 October 1952.

[136] . A list of contents to The Lord of the Rings written by Tolkien and included in the manuscript of that book at Marquette University, Milwaukee, U.S.A., has a different set of titles : Vol. I The First Journey and The Journey of the Nine Companions ; Vol. II The Treason of Isengard and The Journey of the Ringbearers ; Vol. III The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age.

[137] . A note on Volume I of the first edition of The Lord of the Rings promised that Volume III would contain 'some abridged family-trees .... an index of names and strange words with some explanations .... [and] some brief account .... of the languages, alphabets and calendars'. The 'index of names' did not, in the event, appear in the first edition of Volume III. . The inscription around the West Gate of the Mines of Moria. . Tolkien had planned to include facsimiles of the damaged pages of the 'Book of Mazarbul', but these had to be omitted because of cost (they were in several colours). They are reproduced as no. 23 in Pictures. . The subject of his W. P. Ker Lecture; see note 2 to no. 135 above. . Tolkien is here referring to his long letter to Milton Waldman (no. 131).

[140] . In a subsequent letter to Rayner Unwin (no. 143), Tolkien is more definite that the Two Towers are 'Orthanc and the Tower of Cirith Ungol'. On the other hand, in his original design for the jacket of The Two Towers (see no. 151) the Towers are certainly Orthanc and Minas Morgul. Orthanc is shown as a black tower, three-homed (as seen in Pictures no. 27), and with the sign of the White Hand beside it; Minas Morgul is a white tower, with a thin waning moon above it, in reference to its original name. Minas Ithil, the Tower of the Rising Moon (The Fellowship of the Ring p. 257). Between the two towers a Nazgl flies.

[143] . The Appendices to Volume III.

[144] . '"Uglk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob bbhosh skai."' . '"... all the gardens of the Entwives are wasted: Men call them the Brown Lands now."' . '"My grand-dad, and my uncle Andy after him,.... he had a rope-walk over by Tighfield many a year."' . '"Why, to think of it, we're in the same tale still! It's going on. Don't the great tales never end?"' . Naomi Mitchison's house in Scotland.

[145] . Bannister, a Senior Scholar of Merton College, was the first person to run a mile in under four minutes, a record that he achieved at Oxford on 6 May 1954.

[148] . Allen & Unwin wished to publish Tolkien's translation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which had been broadcast on the BBC Third Programme in a dramatised version in December 1953, with a repeat (referred to by Tolkien in this letter) in September 1954.

[149] . Peter Green, the biographer of Kenneth Grahame, wrote in the Daily Telegraph on 27 August 1954 : 'I presume it is meant to be taken seriously, and am apprehensive that I can find no really adequate reasons for doing so. .... And yet this shapeless work has an undeniable fascination: especially to a reviewer with a cold in his head.' . Edwin Muir wrote in the Observer on 22 August 1954 : 'This remarkable book makes its appearance at a disadvantage. Nothing but a great masterpiece could survive the bombardment of praise directed at it from the blurb. .... The Fellowship of the Ring is an extraordinary book. .... Yet for myself I could not resist feeling a certain disappointment. Perhaps this was partly due to the style, which is quite unequal to the theme. .... But perhaps it was due more to a lack of the human discrimination and depth which the subject demanded. . J. W. Lambert wrote in the Sunday Times on 8 August 1954: 'Whimsical drivel with a message? No; it sweeps along with a narrative and pictorial force which lifts it above that level. A book for bright children? Well, yes and no.' . A. E. Cherryman wrote in Truth on 6 August 1954: 'It is an amazing piece of work..... He has added something, not only to the world's literature, but to its history.' . Howard Spring wrote in Country Life on 26 August 1954: 'This is a work of art. .... It has invention, fancy and imagination..... It is a profound parable of man's everlasting struggle against evil.' . H. l'A. Fawcett wrote in the Manchester Guardian on 20 August 1954: 'Mr Tolkien is one of those born story-tellers who makes his readers as wide-eyed as children for more.' . The Oxford Times review, signed 'C.H.H.', was printed on 13 August 1954, and described the book as 'extraordinary and often beautiful'.

[150] . See note 1 to no. 137 above.

[151] . Tolkien made two finished designs for The Fellowship of the Ring, both of which survive. In that referred to here, the Ruling Ring, surrounded by the fiery letters of its inscription, and the Red Ring (Narya) above it, were represented exactly as in the other design, which was adopted, and which is still seen in enlarged form on the jackets of the three-volume hardback and paperback editions published by Allen & Unwin; but in the design referred to here there appeared below to left and right the White Ring (Nenya) and the Blue Ring (Vilya), with their gems turned towards the Ruling Ring in the centre.

[153] . One would expect 'three cases': cf. The Lord of the Rings III 314: There were three unions of the Eldar and the Edain: Lthien and Beren; Idril and Tuor; Arwen and Aragorn. By the last the long-sundered branches of the Half-elven were reunited and dieir line was restored.' . ' "Don't you know my name yet? That's the only answer. Tell me, who are you, alone, yourself and nameless?" ' . i.e. the poem The Adventures of Tom Bombadil' was first published in that magazine in 1934. . '"We look towards Nmenor that was, and beyond to Elvenhome that is, and to that which is beyond Elvenhome and will ever be. Have you no such custom at meat?"'

[154] . Naomi Mitchison reviewed The Fellowship of the Ring in the New Statesman on 18 September 1954. She called it 'extraordinary, terrifying and beautiful'. . German, 'realities, technical facts'. . sic, here and elsewhere in the letter. . Mentioned in Mrs Mitchison's review.

[155] . Greek (, sorcerer); the English form Goety is defined in the O.E.D. as 'witchcraft or magic performed by the invocation and employment of evil spirits; necromancy.' . Alongside the final paragraph, Tolkien has written: 'But the Nmenreans used "spells" in making swords?'

[156] . Peter Hastings; see no. 153. . Greek, 'messenger'. . See note 4 to no. 131.

[157] . Trinity College, of which Katherine Farrer's husband Austin was Chaplain, had reduced the fees for the education of Tolkien's sons when they were undergraduates there. . Perhaps C. S. Lewis's review of The Fellowship of the Ring in Time & Tide, 14 August 1954. . i.e. 'New York Sunday Times'. Auden reviewed The Fellowship of the Ring in the New York Times Book Review on Sunday 31 October 1954, and in Encounter, November 1954. . Edin Muir, reviewing The Two Towers in the Observer on 21 November 1954, wrote of the Ents: 'Symbolically they are quite convincing, yet they are full of character, too, as formidable and strange as a forest of trees going to war.'

[163] . Auden used the term 'trilogy' in his letter; for Tolkien's dislike of it as applied to The Lord of the Rings see nos. 149 and 165. . From the Anglo-Saxon poem The Wanderer, 87: 'eald enta geweorc idlu stodon', 'the old creations of giants [i.e. ancient buildings, erected by a former race] stood desolate.' . The reviewer, Maurice Richardson, wrote: 'It is all I can do to restrain myself from shouting .... "Adults of all ages! Unite against the infantilistinvasion.".... Mr Auden has always been captivated by the pubescent world of the saga and the classroom. There are passages in The Orators which are not unlike bits of Tolkien's hobbitry.' (18 December 1954.) . Tolkien's second son Michael. . The Fall of Gondolin' was in fact read to the Exeter College Essay Club not in 1918 but in 1920, as is recorded in the club's minute book: '... on Wednesday March 10th at 8.15 p.m. .... the president passed to public business, and called upon Mr J. R. R. Tolkien to read his "Fall of Gondolin". As a discovery of a new mythological background Mr Tolkien's matter was exceedingly illuminating and marked him as a staunch follower of tradition, a treatment indeed in the manner of such typical romantics as William Morris, George Macdonald, de la Motte Fouque etc. .... The battle of the contending forces of good and evil as represented by the Gongothlim [sic, for Gondothlim, the name for the people of Gondolin in the original 'Fall of Gondolin'; see Unfinished Tales p. 5] and the followers of Melco [sic, for Melko, an early name for Melkor] was very graphically and astonishingly told.' Among those at the meeting were Nevill Coghill and Hugo Dyson. . Latin, 'who has put down the mighty from their seat and has exalted the humble' ; from the Magnificat. . A potentially misleading statement. While he was writing The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien laboured at revising and rewriting a great pan of The Silmarillion. On the other hand. The Silmarillion was in existence before 1936, and cannot be regarded as having originated between that year and 1953. . 'He is surer of finding the way home in a blind night than the cats of Queen Beruthiel.' (Aragorn of Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings, Book II, Chapter 4.) See Unfinished Tales pp. 401-2. . An episode from Tolkien's childhood in Bloemfontein; see Biography p. 13.

[165] . The English meaning of tollkhn. . His mother's maiden name was Suffield. . See Biography pp. 168-9. . E. R. Eddison.

[168] . i.e. Enedwaith. For the history of this region see Unfinished Tales pp. 262-4.

[171] . Second person singular of 'I wot', with an optional 'double negative'.

[172] . Tolkien's lecture 'English and Welsh', the first of the O'Donnell Lectures, was delivered in Oxford on 21 October 1955, and was published in Angles and Britons: O'Donnell Lectures, University of Wales Press, 1963.

[174] . See note 8 to no. 163.

[177] . This professorship at Oxford had fallen vacant with the end of C. Day Lewis's term of office, and nominations were being invited for his successor. W. H. Auden was eventually elected.

[180] . International languages, invented during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. . See no. 211, and also Unfinished Tales pp. 389-90, 393-4. . See note 4 to no. 163.

[181] . But see note 5 to no. 131. . A reference to the proposal for a 'relief road through Christ Church Meadow.

[188] . The 1947 Swedish translation, published under the title Hompen.

[190] . A term signifying an imaginary 'rustic' county. . i.e cane, 'duck', + etang, 'pool, pond'.

[191] . 'Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall. There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it.'

[192] . "Pity? It was Pity that stayed [Bilbo's] hand. Pity, and Mercy: not to strike without need. And he has been well rewarded, Frodo. Be sure that he took so little hurt from the evil, and escaped in the end, because he began his ownership of the Ring so. With Pity."' . '"Behind that there was something else at work, beyond any design of the Ring-maker. I can put it no plainer than by saying that Bilbo was meant to find the Ring, and not by its maker."' (Gandalf to Frodo.) [193] . 'She [Morwen] bore him three children in Gondor, of whom Theoden, the second, was his only son.'

[195] . The reference is to a passage in 'The Scouring of the Shire' (Book VI, Chapter 8) where Frodo tells Pippin : ' "There is to be no slaying of hobbits, not even if they have gone over to the other side..... No hobbit has ever killed another on purpose in the Shire, and it is not to begin now. And nobody is to be killed at all, if it can be helped." '

[199] . Eddison in fact read from The Mezentian Gate, see no. 73. . 'You may like or dislike his invented worlds (I myself like that of The Worm Ouroboros and strongly dislike that of Mistress of Mistresses) but there is no quarrel between the theme and the articulation of the story.'

[200] . There is perhaps a contrast here to Unfinished Tales p. 254: 'The probability is that Sauron was in fact one of the Aulan Maiar, corrupted "before Arda began" by Melkor.' On the 'attachment' of Olrin to Manw, see Unfinished Tales p. 393.

[203] . The text of this letter is taken from an article in Mallorn 10, p. 19, with silent emendation of the uncharacteristic 'that's', 'there's', etc., to 'that is', 'there is', which was Tolkien's normal usage.

[204] . Almqvist & Wiksell Frlag AB, Stockholm, one of Tolkien's Swedish publishers. . The translator of the Swedish edition of The Lord of the Rings. . The translator of the Dutch edition. . Bjrnavad: 'Bear-ford'. Gamleby: 'Old village'. Manbergen : 'Moon-mountains'. Ljusa sltterna: 'Bright plains'. In fact Manbergen seems not to have been used, but the River Lune and the Gulf of Lune were translated Mnfloden, Mngolfen.

[205] . Christopher Tolkien said in his lecture : 'In the hosts of Attila there went men of many Germanic peoples. .... Indeed, his name itself appears to be Gothic, a diminutive of atta, the Gothic for "father". ' . 'A star shines on the hour of our meeting' (The Lord of the Rings, Book I, Chapter 3). The reading in the letter, omentieimo, is the same as in the first edition of the book, but Tolkien later changed it to omentielvo. The Elvish language Quenya makes a distinction in its dual inflexion, which turns on the number of persons involved; failure to understand this was, Tolkien remarked, 'a mistake generally made by mortals'. So in this case. Tolkien made a note that the Thain's Book of Minas Tirith', one of the supposed sources of The Lord of the Rings, had the reading omentielvo, but that Frodo's original (lost) manuscript probably had omentieimo; and that omentielvo is the correct form in the context. (The Ballantine paperback edition of The Lord of the Rings has the erroneous reading 'omentiimo'.) [206] . The publishers of the Dutch edition of The Lord of the Rings. . Professor Piet Harting of Amsterdam University, a friend of Tolkien for many years. . See further Biography pp. 225-6.

[207] . Forrest J. Ackerman, agent for the film company; see no. 202.

[210] . 'Gandalf was shorter in stature than the other two; but his long white hair, his sweeping silver beard, and his broad shoulders, made him look like some wise king of ancient legend. In his aged face under great snowy brows his dark eyes were set like coals that could leap suddenly into fire.' . i.e. in the inn at Bree. . 'The darkness was breaking too soon, before the date that his Master had set it.' . The slaying of the Lord of the Nazgl by eowyn. . 'The lembas had a virtue without which they would long ago have lain down to die. .... It fed the will, and it gave strength to endure, and to master sinew and limb beyond the measure of mortal kind.' . 'But here and there bright sunbeams fell in glimmering shafts from the eastern windows, high under the deep eaves.' 'The sunlight was blotted out from the eastern windows ; the whole hall became suddenly dark as night. '

[211] . This reading was adopted in later printings. . In Appendix A to The Lord of the Rings (III. 315) the King of Nmenor preceding Ar-Adnakhr was Tar-Calmacil; the mention here of Tar-Atanamir seems to be no more than a slip. See further Unfinished Tales pp. 226-7. . Elsewhere Tolkien called the other two wizards Ithryn Luin, the Blue Wizards; see Unfinished Tales pp. 389-90. . In the Index to The Silmarillion the names Elrond, Elros, and Elwing are translated 'Star-dome', 'Star-foam', and 'Star-spray'. These interpretations of the names are later than those in the present letter. . This paragraph is taken from another text of the letter (a draft). The version sent is more brief on this point. . 'The regions in which Hobbits then lived were doubtless the same as those in which they still linger: the North-West of the Old World, east of the Sea.'

[212] . In The Silmarillion (pp. 43-4) there is no mention of the 'six mates'.

[214] . Mr Nunn's letter called Tolkien'a model of scholarship'. . See The Lord of the Rings III 413 (Appendix F). . A derivative of Anglo-Saxon byrd, 'birth'. . Two Pantos are named in the family tree of Baggins of Hobbiton (The Lord of the Rings III 380), the first being an ancestor of Peregrin Took and Meriadoc Brandybuck. . Lalia the Great is not mentioned in The Lord of the Rings, but her husband Fortinbras II appears in the family tree of Took of Great Smials (The Lord of the Rings III 381).

[220] . Federated Superannuation Scheme for Universities. . As an examiner to the National University of Ireland.

[224] . Latin, 'therefore I will keep silent'.

[228] . ke Ohlmarks, translator of the Swedish edition of The Lord of the Rings; he had included a biographical article about Tolkien in his translation of the book.

[229] . Swedish, 'mastery, masterly skill'.

[230] . 'I am .... of the race of the West [i.e. Nmenor] unmingled' (III 249). . 'Laurelindrean lindelorendor malinomelion ornemalin.' . Taurelilma-Tumbaletaura Lmanor.' . From Glorfindel's greeting to Aragorn: 'Ai na vedui Dnadan! Mae govannen!' (1222). . 'A vanimar, vanimlion nostari!' (III 259). . The following lines are translated by Tolkien in the letter. Line 2: 'Cuio i Pheriain anann! Aglar'ni Pheriannath!' Line 4: 'Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annn! Eglerio!' Line 6: 'Eglerio!' Line 7: 'A laita te, laita te! Andave laituvalmet!' Line 9: 'Cormacolindor, a laita trienna!'

[232] . i.e. in the tales of 'Saki' (H. H. Munro). . A story entitled Woorroo, published by Joyce Reeves under the name of Joyce Gard (Gollancz, 1961). She had sent a copy to Tolkien.

[234] . 'with silver tipped at plenilune / his spear was hewn of ebony' (The Adventures of Tom Bombadil p. 27). 'At plenilune in his argent moon / in his heart he longed for Fire' (ibid., p. 36). . Jane Neave had written to Tolkien: 'The Pied Piper never palls! It is asked for every day of every visit when the children are here. But yours would be so much more welcome. ' . Probably not a poem included in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil; most of the verses in that book were composed some years before it was published.

[235] . 'However good in themselves, illustrations do little good to fairy-stories. The radical distinction between all art (including drama) that offers a visible presentation and true literature is that it imposes one visible form. Literature works from mind to mind and is thus more progenitive.' ('On Fairy-Stories', Note E.) [236] . The paragraph in Appendix F beginning 'It is to mark this that I have ventured to use the form dwarves...' . The printers of the Puffin edition. . The printers of The Lord of the Rings (3-volume hardback, first and second editions). . Founder and Chairman of Penguin Books, of which Puffin is a division.

[237] . '"Your mother if she saw you, / she'd never know her son, unless 'twas by a whisker." ' (The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, p. 19.) Cf. : 'The Aesir handed over the treasure to Hreidmar, stuffed the onerskin full and set it on its feet. Then the Aesir had to pile the gold alongside and cover it up. When that was completed, Hreidmar went up and saw a single whisker, and told them to cover that.' (Vlsungasaga, Chapter 14; translation by R. G. Finch.) . 'queer tales from Bree, and talk at smithy, mill, and cheaping'. (The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, p. 21.) Cf. : 'From mulne ant from chepinge, from smie ant from ancre hus me tidinge bringe.' ('From mill and from market, from smithy and from anchor-house one hears the news.') (Ancrene Wisse, edited by J. R. R. Tolkien, Early English Text Society, 1962, p. 48; translation from The Ancrene Riwle by M. B. Salu, Bums and Oates, 1955, p. 39.) [238] . American critic, who visited Tolkien and Unwin in the summer of 1962. . The broadcast was actually on 7 August 1936. It was initiated by Guy Pocock, who had seen the MS. of Tolkien's translation while he was with the publishing house of Dent, to whom it was offered. Pocock later joined the staff of the BBC. . The poem is "The Nameless Land', published in G. S. Tancred (ed.). Realities, an anthology of verse (Leeds, at the Swan Press; London, Gay Sc Hancock, 1927), p. 24. It is written in the Pearl stanza, and begins: There lingering lights do golden lie

On grass more green than in gardens here....

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