Safe Food: bacteria, biotechnology, and bioterrorism Part 7

CHAPTER 7. THE POLITICS OF GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT.

1. OTA. A New Technological Era for American Agriculture A New Technological Era for American Agriculture (OTA-F-475), 1992. Office of Science and Technology Policy. Coordinated framework for regulation of biotechnology: announcement of policy and notice for public comment. (OTA-F-475), 1992. Office of Science and Technology Policy. Coordinated framework for regulation of biotechnology: announcement of policy and notice for public comment. FR FR 51:2330223393, June 26, 1986. 51:2330223393, June 26, 1986.2. USDA/APHIS Questions and Answers on Biotechnology Permits for Genetically Engineered Plants and Microorganisms Questions and Answers on Biotechnology Permits for Genetically Engineered Plants and Microorganisms (APHIS 21-35-001), April 1991. Also see: MacKenzie DR. Agricultural biotechnology, law, APHIS regulation. In: Murray TH, Mehlman MJ, eds. (APHIS 21-35-001), April 1991. Also see: MacKenzie DR. Agricultural biotechnology, law, APHIS regulation. In: Murray TH, Mehlman MJ, eds. Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology. Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000:5666.3. Institute for Food Technology. IFT expert report on biotechnology and foods: introduction. Food Technology Food Technology 2000;54(8):124136. Also see: 54(9):5361 (safety evaluation), 54(9):6274 (labeling), and 54(10):6179 (benefits and concerns). 2000;54(8):124136. Also see: 54(9):5361 (safety evaluation), 54(9):6274 (labeling), and 54(10):6179 (benefits and concerns).4. Kilman S. Growing pains: genetic engineering's biggest impact may eventually be in agriculture. The key word: eventually. WSJ WSJ, May 30, 1994: R7. OTA. Biotechnology in a Global Economy Biotechnology in a Global Economy (OTA-BA-494), 1991. Thomas JA. Biotechnology: therapeutic and nutritional products. In: Thomas JA, ed. (OTA-BA-494), 1991. Thomas JA. Biotechnology: therapeutic and nutritional products. In: Thomas JA, ed. Biotechnology and Safety Assessment Biotechnology and Safety Assessment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1998:283300.5. Bauman DE, DeGeeter MJ, Peel CJ, et al. Effect of recombinantly derived bovine growth hormone (BGH) on lactational performance of high yielding dairy cows (Abstract P 86). J Dairy Science J Dairy Science 1982;65(suppl):121. Pell AN, Tsang DS, Howlett BA, et al. Effects of a prolonged-release formulation of Sometribove (n-methionyl bovine somatotropin) on Jersey cows. 1982;65(suppl):121. Pell AN, Tsang DS, Howlett BA, et al. Effects of a prolonged-release formulation of Sometribove (n-methionyl bovine somatotropin) on Jersey cows. J Dairy Science J Dairy Science 1992;75:34163431. Liebhardt WC, ed. 1992;75:34163431. Liebhardt WC, ed. The Dairy Debate: Consequences of Bovine Growth Hormone and Rotational Grazing Technologies The Dairy Debate: Consequences of Bovine Growth Hormone and Rotational Grazing Technologies. Davis: University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, 1993.6. Violand BN, Schlittler MR, Lawson CQ, et al. Isolation of Escherichia coli Escherichia coli synthesized recombinant eukaryotic proteins that contain -N-acetyllysine. synthesized recombinant eukaryotic proteins that contain -N-acetyllysine. Protein Science Protein Science 1994;3:10891097. This amino acid replaced lysine in a "significant portion" of rBGH proteins. 1994;3:10891097. This amino acid replaced lysine in a "significant portion" of rBGH proteins.7. Brody JE. Of Luddites, cows, and biotechnology miracles. NYT NYT, November 17, 1993:C17.8. Schneider K. Stores bar milk produced by drug: five big chains take action-U.S. calls process safe. NYT NYT, August 24, 1989:A1,A18. Sun M. Market sours on milk hormone. Science Science 1989;246:876877. 1989;246:876877.9. Juskevich DC, Guyer CG. Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation. Science Science 1990;249:875884. Office of Medical Applications of Research. 1990;249:875884. Office of Medical Applications of Research. Bovine Somatotropin Bovine Somatotropin. In: National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement, December 57, 1990. Washington, DC, 1991. Miller H. Putting the bST human-health controversy to rest. Bio/Technology Bio/Technology 1992;10:147. 1992;10:147.10. GAO. Food Safety and Quality: FDA Strategy Needed to Address Animal Drug Residues in Milk Food Safety and Quality: FDA Strategy Needed to Address Animal Drug Residues in Milk (GAO/RCED-92-209), 1992. (GAO/RCED-92-209), 1992. Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone: FDA Approval Should Be Withheld until the Mastitis Issue Is Resolved Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone: FDA Approval Should Be Withheld until the Mastitis Issue Is Resolved (GAO/PEMD-92-26), 1992. (GAO/PEMD-92-26), 1992.11. Kimura T, Murakawa Y, Ohno M, et al. Gastrointestinal absorption of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 in rats. J Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics J Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics 1997;283:611618. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. 1997;283:611618. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science Science 1998;279:563566. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Golditz GA, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 and risk of breast cancer. 1998;279:563566. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Golditz GA, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 and risk of breast cancer. Lancet Lancet 1998;351:13931396. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Schillaci G, et al. Circulating insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are independent determinants of left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension. 1998;351:13931396. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Schillaci G, et al. Circulating insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are independent determinants of left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension. Circulation Circulation 1999;100:18021807. Also see: rbST Internal Review Team, Health Protection Branch. 1999;100:18021807. Also see: rbST Internal Review Team, Health Protection Branch. rbST (Nutrilac) "Gaps Analysis" Report rbST (Nutrilac) "Gaps Analysis" Report. Ottawa: Health Canada, April 21, 1998.12. Cohen R. Milk: The Deadly Poison Milk: The Deadly Poison. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Argus, 1998. Cohen R. Notmilk! Online: www.hungerstrike.com.13. Blaney DP, Miller JJ, Stillman RP. Dairy: Background for 1995 Farm Legislation Dairy: Background for 1995 Farm Legislation (USDA Agricultural Economics Report No. 705), 1995. Schneider K. Grocers challenge use of new drug for milk output. (USDA Agricultural Economics Report No. 705), 1995. Schneider K. Grocers challenge use of new drug for milk output. NYT NYT, February 4, 1994:A1,A14. Over 800 farmers report problems related to rBGH. Nutrition Week Nutrition Week, June 2, 1995:6.14. Cohen B. Ben & Jerry's Testifies Before FDA in Favor of BGH Labeling (press release). Waterbury, VT: Ben & Jerry's, May 6, 1993.15. Kolata G. When the geneticists' fingers get in the food. NYT NYT, February 20, 1994:E13. Also see: DuPuis EM. Nature's Perfect Food Nature's Perfect Food. New York University Press, 2002.16. OTA. U.S. Dairy Industry at a Crossroad: Biotechnology and Policy Choices U.S. Dairy Industry at a Crossroad: Biotechnology and Policy Choices-Special Report (OTA-F-470), 1991. BGH moratorium. (OTA-F-470), 1991. BGH moratorium. Nutrition Week Nutrition Week, August 6, 1993:5.17. Schneider K. U.S. approves use of drug to raise milk production: gain for biotechnology. NYT NYT, November 6, 1993:A1,A9. FDA. Animal drugs, feeds, and related products; sterile sometribove zinc suspension. FR FR 58:5994659947, November 12, 1993. 58:5994659947, November 12, 1993.18. Benson S, Arax M, Burstein R. A growing concern: as biotech crops come to market, neither scientists-who take industry money-nor federal regulators are adequately protecting consumers and farmers. Mother Jones Mother Jones, January/February 1997:3643,6671. Feder BJ. Monsanto has its wonder hormone: can it sell it? NYT NYT, March 12, 1995:A8. Stauber JC, Rampton S. Toxic Sludge Is Good for You: Lies, Damn Lies, and the Public Relations Industry Toxic Sludge Is Good for You: Lies, Damn Lies, and the Public Relations Industry. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995:5559.19. Engelberg S. Democrats' new overseer is everybody's Mr. Inside. NYT NYT, August 19, 1994:A1,A16.20. Coghlan A. Milk hormone data bottled up for years. New Scientist New Scientist October 22, 1994:4. Millstone E, Brunner E, White I. Plagiarism or protecting public health? October 22, 1994:4. Millstone E, Brunner E, White I. Plagiarism or protecting public health? Nature Nature 1994;371:647648. 1994;371:647648.21. Wilson S. Fox in the cow barn. Nation Nation, June 8, 1998:20. Montague P. How Monsanto "listens" to other opinions. Ecologist Ecologist 1998;28(5):299300. Reporters win lawsuit to thwart Fox-TV cover-up. 1998;28(5):299300. Reporters win lawsuit to thwart Fox-TV cover-up. BGH Bulletin BGH Bulletin, undated, accessed December 15, 2001. Online: www.foxbghsuit.com.22. Schneider K. Lines drawn in a war over a milk hormone. NYT NYT, March 9, 1994:A12.23. Weldon VV. Testimony to the Joint Meeting of the FDA Food and Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee Meetings, Washington DC, May 67, 1993 (written statement distributed at the meeting). Dr. Weldon was then vice president for public policy, Monsanto.24. After committees meet, BGH decision left to FDA. Nutrition Week Nutrition Week, May 14, 1993:23.25. FDA. Interim guidance on the voluntary labeling of milk and milk products from cows that have not been treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin. FR FR 59:62796280, February 10, 1994. 59:62796280, February 10, 1994.26. Schneider K. Maine and Vermont restrict dairies' use of a growth hormone. NYT NYT, April 15, 1994:A16.27. Kilman S. Dairy-food concerns launch products from cows not treated with hormone. WSJ WSJ, May 2, 1994:B7.28. Burros M. More milk, more confusion: what should the label say? NYT NYT, May 18, 1994:C1,C4.29. King & Spalding. Mandatory labeling of milk and other foods derived from dairy cows supplemented with bovine somatotropin would be unlawful and unwise (memorandum). Washington, DC, April 28, 1993. A cover letter discloses the author as Mr. Richard A. Merrill, the former FDA counsel. These materials were included as part of the briefing materials for the FDA Food Advisory Committee hearings of May 6, 1993.30. Schneider K. Question is raised on hormone maker's ties to F.D.A. aides. NYT NYT, April 18, 1994:A9.31. GAO. Letter from Acting General Counsel Robert P. Murphy to the Honorables George E. Brown, Jr., David Obey, and Bernard Sanders (B257122), October 19, 1994. Quotations: 15,23.32. Sanders B. GAO uncovers appearances of impropriety in FDA's approval of rBGH (press release). U.S. House of Representatives, October 30, 1994. The release included detailed summaries of the involvement of the three FDA employees.33. Bellow D. Vermont, the pure-food state. Nation Nation, March 8, 1999:1821. Brownlee S. Dollars for DNA: biotech seems near to living up to its hype. US News & World Report US News & World Report, May 25, 1998:48,50.34. Aldrich L, Blisard N. Consumer acceptance of biotechnology: lessons from the rbST experience. Current Issues in Economics of Food Markets Current Issues in Economics of Food Markets (USDA Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 747-01), December 1998. (USDA Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 747-01), December 1998.35. Hoban TJ. Consumer Awareness and Acceptance of Bovine Somatotropin (BST) Consumer Awareness and Acceptance of Bovine Somatotropin (BST). Washington, DC: Grocery Manufacturers of America, 1994. Grobe D, Douthitt R, Zepeda L. A model of consumers' risk perceptions toward recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH): the impact of risk characteristics. Risk Analysis Risk Analysis 1999;19:661673. 1999;19:661673.36. Gilbert S. Fears over milk, long dismissed, still simmer. NYT NYT, January 19, 1999:F7.37. Kessler DA, Taylor MR, Maryanski JH, et al. The safety of foods developed by biotechnology. Science Science 1992;256:17471749, 1832. 1992;256:17471749, 1832.38. FDA. Statement of policy: foods derived from new plant varieties: notice. FR FR 57:2298423005, May 29, 1992. Quotation: 22985. 57:2298423005, May 29, 1992. Quotation: 22985.39. FDA. Premarket notice concerning bioengineered foods: proposed rule. FR FR 66:47064738, January 18, 2001. 66:47064738, January 18, 2001.40. Ingersoll B. New policy eases market path for bioengineered foods. WSJ WSJ, May 26, 1992: B1,B6.41. Kim J. Genetic agriculture gets go-ahead. USA Today USA Today, May 27, 1992:3B.42. Burros M. Documents show officials disagreed on altered food. NYT NYT, December 1, 1999:A18. Druker SM. Why Food and Drug Administration Policy on Genetically Engineered Food Violates Sound Science and U.S. Law Why Food and Drug Administration Policy on Genetically Engineered Food Violates Sound Science and U.S. Law (presentation to FDA hearing, Washington, DC, November 30, 1999), at (presentation to FDA hearing, Washington, DC, November 30, 1999), at www.biotech-info.net/druker.pdf.43. Millstone E, Brunner E, Mayer S. Beyond "substantial equivalence." Nature Nature 1999;401:525526. 1999;401:525526.44. Brozan N. Genetically engineered foods? Not in their their kitchens! kitchens! NYT NYT, July 30, 1992:B6. Chefs urge boycotting new foods. NYT NYT, June 3, 1992:C6.45. FDA. Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties Derived through Recombinant DNA Technology: Final Consultations under FDA's 1992 Policy Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties Derived through Recombinant DNA Technology: Final Consultations under FDA's 1992 Policy, July 2001, at www.foodsafety.gov/~lrd/biocon.html.46. Putnam JJ, Allshouse JE. Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 197097 Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 197097 (Statistical Bulletin No. 965), USDA, 1999. Fisher LM. Developer of the new tomato expects a financial bonanza. (Statistical Bulletin No. 965), USDA, 1999. Fisher LM. Developer of the new tomato expects a financial bonanza. NYT NYT, May 19, 1994:B7. Hilts PJ. Genetically altered tomato moves toward U.S. approval. NYT NYT, April 9, 1994:A7.47. Martineau B. Food fight. The Sciences The Sciences 2001;spring:2429. Martineau B. 2001;spring:2429. Martineau B. First Fruit: The Creation of the Flavr Savr Tomato and the Birth of Biotech Food First Fruit: The Creation of the Flavr Savr Tomato and the Birth of Biotech Food. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Also see: Charles D. Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food. Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2001:126148.48. Redenbaugh K, Hiatt W, Martineau B, et al. Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1992. Stix G. A recombinant feast: new bioengineered crops move toward market. Scientific American Scientific American 1995;273:3839. 1995;273:3839.49. Seabrook J. Tremors in the hothouse. New Yorker New Yorker, July 19, 1993:3241. O'Neill M. Tomato review: no substitute for summer. NYT NYT, May 19, 1994:B7.50. McMurray S. New Calgene tomato might have tasted just as good without genetic alteration. WSJ WSJ, January 12, 1993:B1. Fisher LM. Monsanto to acquire 49.9% of biotechnology company. NYT NYT, June 29, 1995:D3.51. Safeway. A Guide to Safeway Double Concentrated Tomato Puree Produced from Genetically Modified Tomatoes: Help and Advice A Guide to Safeway Double Concentrated Tomato Puree Produced from Genetically Modified Tomatoes: Help and Advice. Kent, UK: Safeway, [undated, c. 1998].52. Rogers D. Stores dodge GM food row. Marketing Marketing (London), June 18, 1998:14. (London), June 18, 1998:14.53. Whitney CR. Europe loses its appetite for high-tech food. NYT NYT, June 27, 1999:D3. Michael A. "GM-free" food labels are value-free. Nature Biotechnology Nature Biotechnology 1999;17:420. 1999;17:420.54. EPA. Proposed policy: plant-pesticides subject to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act; and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. FR FR 59:60496-60518, November 23, 1994. EPA. Plant-pesticides subject to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act: proposed rule. 59:60496-60518, November 23, 1994. EPA. Plant-pesticides subject to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act: proposed rule. FR FR 59:6051960535, November 23, 1994. 59:6051960535, November 23, 1994.55. Rissler J, Mellon M. The Ecological Risks of Engineered Crops The Ecological Risks of Engineered Crops. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. National Research Council. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.56. Miller H. A need to reinvent biotechnology regulation at the EPA. Science Science 1994;266:18151818. Wadman M. GM advisory panel is slanted, say critics. 1994;266:18151818. Wadman M. GM advisory panel is slanted, say critics. Nature Nature 1999;399:7. Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). EDF Cautiously Praises EPA's Proposed Genetic Engineering Rule (press release). New York, November 16, 1994. Plan to regulate gene-modified plants draws fire. 1999;399:7. Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). EDF Cautiously Praises EPA's Proposed Genetic Engineering Rule (press release). New York, November 16, 1994. Plan to regulate gene-modified plants draws fire. Illinois Agrinews Illinois Agrinews, August 1, 1997:A4.57. Hagmann M. EPA, critics soften stance on pesticidal plants. Science Science 1999;284:249. 1999;284:249.58. EPA. Regulations under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act for plant-incorporated protectants (formerly plant-pesticides): final rule. FR FR 66:3777137817, July 19, 2001. Quotation: 37781. 66:3777137817, July 19, 2001. Quotation: 37781.59. EPA. Biopesticides Registration Action Document: Biopesticides Registration Action Document: Bacillus thuringiensis Plant-Incorporated Protectants, October 16, 2001, at Bacillus thuringiensis Plant-Incorporated Protectants, October 16, 2001, at www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/pips/bt_brad.htm.60. EPA. Pesticide labeling and other regulatory issues: final rule. FR FR 66:6475964768, December 14, 2001. 66:6475964768, December 14, 2001.

CHAPTER 8. THE POLITICS OF CONSUMER CONCERN:.

DISTRUST, DREAD, AND OUTRAGE.

1. Zepeda L. Don't ask, don't tell: U.S. policy on labeling of genetically engineered foods. In: Buttel FH, Goodman RM. Of Frankenfoods and Golden Rice: Risks, Rewards, and Realities of Genetically Modified Foods Of Frankenfoods and Golden Rice: Risks, Rewards, and Realities of Genetically Modified Foods. Madison: Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 2001:121130.2. Poll Shows Broad but Limited Support for Labeling of Bioengineered Foods (press release). CSPI, May 16, 2001, at www.cspinet.org/new/labeling_gefoods.html.3. International Food Information Council. Most Americans can articulate expected benefits of biotechnology, November 2001, at www.biotech-info.net/IFIC_research.html.4. Fox JL. U.S. food labeling policy softens. Nature Biotechnology Nature Biotechnology 1999;17:847. Silva C, Leonard R. U.S. prepares to OK labels on GE foods. 1999;17:847. Silva C, Leonard R. U.S. prepares to OK labels on GE foods. Nutrition Week Nutrition Week, October 29, 1999:45.5. Genetically Engineered Food Right to Know Act Genetically Engineered Food Right to Know Act. H.R. 3377, 106th Congress, 1st Session, November 16, 1999.6. Biotech foods bill would mandate labeling, impose civil penalties. Food Regulation Weekly Food Regulation Weekly, November 15, 1999:1112.7. FDA. Biotechnology in the year 2000 and beyond; public meetings: notice. FR FR 64:5747057472, October 25, 1999. 64:5747057472, October 25, 1999.8. FDA. Report on Consumer Focus Groups on Biotechnology Report on Consumer Focus Groups on Biotechnology, February 2001, at www.foodsafety.gov/~comm/biorpt.html. The FDA conducted 12 focus groups from May 10 to 24, 2000.9. FDA. FDA to Strengthen Pre-market Review of Bioengineered Foods (press release). May 3, 2000. White House Briefing Room. Clinton Administration Agencies Announce Food and Agricultural Biotechnology Initiatives (press release). May 3, 2000.10. Pollack A. F.D.A. plans new scrutiny in areas of biotechnology. NYT NYT, January 18, 2001:A12. FDA. Premarket notice concerning bioengineered foods: proposed rule. FR FR 66:47064738, January 18, 2001. 66:47064738, January 18, 2001.11. Kilman S. FDA warns of misleading label on genetically modified foods. WSJ WSJ, December 20, 2001:B9. Weise E. FDA tries to remove genetic label before it sticks. USA Today USA Today, October 9, 2002:7D.12. Nestle M. Food biotechnology: truth in advertising. Bio/Technology Bio/Technology 1992;10:1056. 1992;10:1056.13. OTA. New Developments in Biotechnology: Patenting Life New Developments in Biotechnology: Patenting Life (OTA-BA-370). U.S. Congress, 1989. (OTA-BA-370). U.S. Congress, 1989.14. Stone R. Sweeping patents put biotech companies on the warpath. Science Science 1995;268:656658. Rural Advancement Foundation International. Monsanto's "Submarine Patent" Torpedoes Ag Biotech (press release), April 27, 2001, at 1995;268:656658. Rural Advancement Foundation International. Monsanto's "Submarine Patent" Torpedoes Ag Biotech (press release), April 27, 2001, at www.etcgroup.org/en/materials/publications.html?pub_id=262.15. Moon SE. Seed piracy: biotech industry faces a growing concern. Illinois Agrinews Illinois Agrinews, April 17, 1998:A9.16. Kilman S. Biotech industry shivers at threat to seed patents. WSJ WSJ, March 3, 1999:B1. Pioneer Hi-Bred International Pioneer Hi-Bred International v. v. J.E.M. Ag Supply (Farm Advantage J.E.M. Ag Supply (Farm Advantage). 99-1035 (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), January 19, 2000. The U.S. Supreme Court confirmed the ruling, December 10, 2001 (534 U.S. 124).17. Fulmer M. Patent ruling aids seed biotech firms; Courts: analysts say the Supreme Court is taking a tough stance to strengthen intellectual property rights. Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, December 11, 2001:C3.18. Shiva V. Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. Boston: South End Press, 1997.19. Basmati patent shrinks. Science Science 2001;293:1761. Kurtenbach E. Patent application raises worries. Yahoo News, December 12, 2001. Online: dailynews.yahoo.com (no longer available). 2001;293:1761. Kurtenbach E. Patent application raises worries. Yahoo News, December 12, 2001. Online: dailynews.yahoo.com (no longer available).20. Svatos M. Patents and licensing, ethics, ownership of animal and plant genes. In: Murray TH, Mehlman MJ, eds. Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000:844854. Also: Ho CM. International intellectual property issues for biotechnology (2000:761787).21. Andrews EL. U.S. resumes granting patents on genetically altered animals. NYT NYT, February 3, 1993:A1,D5. Also see: Rifkin J. The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 1998.22. Thompson PB. Food Biotechnology in Ethical Perspective Food Biotechnology in Ethical Perspective. London: Blackie Academic, 1997. Bruce D, Bruce A. Engineering Genesis: The Ethics of Genetic Engineering in Non-Human Species Engineering Genesis: The Ethics of Genetic Engineering in Non-Human Species. London: Earthscan, 1998. Shiva V. Protect or Plunder: Understanding Intellectual Property Rights Protect or Plunder: Understanding Intellectual Property Rights. London: Zed Books, 2001.23. Service RF. Seed-sterilizing "terminator technology" sows discord. Science Science 1998;282:850851. Steinbrecher RA, Mooney PR. Terminator technology: the threat to world food security. 1998;282:850851. Steinbrecher RA, Mooney PR. Terminator technology: the threat to world food security. Ecologist Ecologist 1998;28(5):276279. National Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture is at it again!! Agency continues to fund terminator technology (leaflet). Pine Bush, NY, August 23, 1999. 1998;28(5):276279. National Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture is at it again!! Agency continues to fund terminator technology (leaflet). Pine Bush, NY, August 23, 1999.24. Food gains for the world's poor are being threatened by furor over genetically modified (GM) foods (press release). New York: Rockefeller Foundation, June 24, 1999, at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5243/is_199906/ai_n20192882.25. Vidal J. How Monsanto's mind was changed. Guardian Guardian (London), October 9, 1999, at (London), October 9, 1999, at www.biotech-info.net/mind_change.html.26. Feder BJ. Monsanto says it won't market infertile seeds. NYT NYT, October 5, 1999:A1,C2.27. Feder BJ. Plant sterility research inflames debate on biotechnology's role in farming, NYT NYT, April 19, 1999:A18.28. Barboza D. After deal of 2 giants, shares plunge. NYT NYT, December 21, 1999:C1,C9. Kaiser J. USDA to commercialize "terminator" technology. Science Science 2000;289:709710. 2000;289:709710.29. USDA/Agricultural Marketing Service. National organic program: proposed rule. FR FR 62:6584965967, December 16, 1997. The rules for organic foods went into effect October 21, 2002. 62:6584965967, December 16, 1997. The rules for organic foods went into effect October 21, 2002.30. Burros M. U.S. proposal on organic food gets a grass-roots review. NYT NYT, March 15, 1998:F10. Fox JL. USDA appeases organic lobby. Nature Biotechnology Nature Biotechnology 1999;17:217. Revised organic proposed rule drops GMOs, antibiotics, sewage, irradiation. 1999;17:217. Revised organic proposed rule drops GMOs, antibiotics, sewage, irradiation. Food Regulation Weekly Food Regulation Weekly, March 13, 2000:89.31. Pear R. Tougher labeling for organic food: products of gene engineering cannot carry designation. NYT NYT, May 9, 1998:A1,A6.32. Pollack A. Unapproved canola seed may be on farms, makers say. NYT, April 16, 2002: NYT, April 16, 2002: C C4. Rieger MA, Lamond M, Preston C, et al. Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance between commercial canola fields. Science Science 2002:296:23862388. Carroll J. Gene-altered canola can spread to nearby fields, risking lawsuits. 2002:296:23862388. Carroll J. Gene-altered canola can spread to nearby fields, risking lawsuits. WSJ WSJ, June 28, 2002:B6.33. Villar JL. GMO Contamination around the World GMO Contamination around the World. Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth International, October 2001, 2nd ed, August 2002. Quote: p. 9, at http://stopogm.net/files/GMOContaminationaroundtheworld.pdf. Also see: Barboza D. As biotech crops multiply, consumers get little choice. NYT NYT, June 10, 2001:A1,A28.34. Nigh R, Benbrook C, Brush S, et al. Transgenic crops: a cautionary tale (letters). Science Science 2000;287:19271928. Ross J. Tinkering with the tortilla: genetic engineering threatens Mexico's corn culture. 2000;287:19271928. Ross J. Tinkering with the tortilla: genetic engineering threatens Mexico's corn culture. Sierra Sierra, September/October 2001:2021.35. Quist D, Chapela IH. Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico. Nature Nature 2001;414:541543. Manning A. Gene-altered DNA may be "polluting" corn: cross-pollination is found in native varieties in Mexico. 2001;414:541543. Manning A. Gene-altered DNA may be "polluting" corn: cross-pollination is found in native varieties in Mexico. USA Today USA Today, November 29, 2001:15D.36. Suspect evidence of transgenic contamination (letters), and editorial note. Nature Nature 2002;416:600601. 2002;416:600601.37. Yoon CK. Journal raises doubts on biotech study. NYT NYT, April 5, 2002:A21. Chapela's tenure was approved by his department, then denied, appealed, and eventually granted. See Nature Nature doi:10.1038/435390b, May 25, 2005. Monbiot G. The fake persuaders. doi:10.1038/435390b, May 25, 2005. Monbiot G. The fake persuaders. Guardian Guardian (London), May 14, 2002, at (London), May 14, 2002, at www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2002/may/14/greenpolitics.digitalmedia. Worthy K, Strohman RC, Billings PR. Conflicts around a study of Mexican crops (letter). Nature Nature 2002;417:897. 2002;417:897.38. Mann CC. Has GM corn "invaded" Mexico? Science Science 2002;295:16171619. 2002;295:16171619.39. Christensen E. Food fight: how GATT undermines food-safety regulations. Multinational Monitor Multinational Monitor, November 1990:1214. Ritchie M. Trading away the family farm: GATT and agriculture (November 1990:2628). Aaronson SA. Taking Trade to the Streets: The Lost History of Public Efforts to Shape Globalization Taking Trade to the Streets: The Lost History of Public Efforts to Shape Globalization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2001:142173. Also see: The World Trade Organization. Online: www.wto.org.40. Brunner J. What's on WTO's plate regarding agriculture. Seattle Times Seattle Times, November 30, 1999:A23. The quotation is attributed to U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. McKibben B. Don't be fooled. Seattle Weekly Seattle Weekly, November 25, 1999:9.41. The global food fight. Time Time, July 31, 2000:4445.42. Pollack A. Setting rules for biotechnology trade. NYT NYT, February 15, 1999:A8. U.S. sidetracks pact to control gene splicing (February 25, 1999:C1,C4). Genetically modified food: food for thought. Economist Economist, June 19, 1999:1921.43. Pollack A. 130 nations agree on safety rules for biotech food. NYT NYT, January 30, 2000:A1,A8. Micklethwait J. Europe's profound fear of food. NYT NYT, June 7, 1999:A22.44. International Organisation of Consumers Unions (I.O.C.U.). Comments: Implications of Biotechnology for Food Labelling Comments: Implications of Biotechnology for Food Labelling. Testimony to the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Food Labelling, Ottawa, Canada, October 2428, 1994. Food fights. Economist Economist, June 1319, 1998:113114.45. USDA/FSIS. Codex Committee on Food Labeling: U.S.A., at www.fsis.usda.gov/Codex_alimentarius/Codex_Committee_Food_ Labelling/index.asp.46. Dorey E. EuropaBio unit created to boost agbio defense. Nature Biotechnology Nature Biotechnology 1999;17:631. Hencke D, Evans R. How US put pressure on Blair over GM food: special report. 1999;17:631. Hencke D, Evans R. How US put pressure on Blair over GM food: special report. Guardian Guardian (London), February 28, 2000, at (London), February 28, 2000, at www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/feb/28/food.freedomofinformation.47. Citizens' groups: the non-governmental order. Economist Economist, December 11, 1999:2021. Lagnado L. Raising the anti: for those fighting biotech crops, Santa came early this year. WSJ WSJ, December 14, 1999:A1,A8. Hodgson J. GM roundup. Nature Biotechnology Nature Biotechnology 1999;17:939. 1999;17:939.48. Environment-consumer coalition launches campaign for labeling, testing of biotech foods. FCN FCN, July 24, 2000:1011. Branch S. Kraft is criticized for genetically modified foods. WSJ WSJ, February 6, 2002:B18.49. See, for example, information posted by Ag BioTech InfoNet, online at: www.biotech-info.net; and by the Turning Point Project, at http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.turnpoint.org.50. Books not otherwise mentioned in these chapters are: Charles D. Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food. Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2001. Hart K. Eating in the Dark: America's Experiment with Genetically Engineered Food Eating in the Dark: America's Experiment with Genetically Engineered Food. New York: Pantheon, 2002. Lambrecht B. Dinner at the New Gene Cafe: How Genetic Engineering is Changing What We Eat, How We Live, and the Global Politics of Food Dinner at the New Gene Cafe: How Genetic Engineering is Changing What We Eat, How We Live, and the Global Politics of Food. New York: St. Martin's, 2001. Lappe M, Bailey B. Against the Grain: Biotechnology and the Corporate Takeover of Your Food Against the Grain: Biotechnology and the Corporate Takeover of Your Food. Monroe, ME: Common Courage, 1998. Teitel M, Wilson KA. Genetically Engineered Food: Changing the Nature of Nature Genetically Engineered Food: Changing the Nature of Nature. Rochester, VT: Park Street, 1999. Ticciati L, Ticciati R. Genetically Engineered Foods: Are They Safe? You Decide Genetically Engineered Foods: Are They Safe? You Decide. New Canaan, CT: Keats, 1998.51. Lewontin R. Genes in the food! New York Review of Books New York Review of Books, June 21:2001:8184.52. McHughen A. Pandora's Picnic Basket: The Potential Hazards of Genetically Modified Foods Pandora's Picnic Basket: The Potential Hazards of Genetically Modified Foods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.53. Nestle M. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002:120122.54. Brand W. FDA holds Oakland hearing to discuss genetic labeling. Media-NewsGroup, December 14, 1999. Pollack A. At U.S. hearing scientists back altered crops. NYT NYT, December 14, 1999:A25.55. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. State legislative activity in 2001 related to agricultural biotechnology. Pew agricultural biotechnology is at www.pewtrusts.org/our_work_detail.aspx?id=442. Grimm C. Current (FebruaryMarch 2001) state GMO legislation in the United States. Ag BioTech InfoNet, March 2001, cached at www.biotech-info.net/current_state_legislation.html.56. Greenberger RS. Motley group pushes for FDA labels on biofoods to help religious people observe dietary laws. WSJ WSJ, August 18, 1999:A20. Barboza D. Monsanto faces growing skepticism on two fronts. NYT NYT, August 5, 1999:C1,C2. Nixon L. Consumers petition for GM food labels. Agweek Agweek, July 19, 1999:25. Economics could be key in biotech suit against Monsanto. Food Regulation Weekly Food Regulation Weekly, December 20, 1999:11.57. Hoge W. Britons skirmish over genetically modified crops. NYT NYT, August 23, 1999:A3. Service RF. Arson strikes research labs and tree farm in Pacific Northwest. Science Science 2001;292:16221623. Verhovek SH. S.U.V.'s, golf, and even peas join growing hit list of eco-vandals. 2001;292:16221623. Verhovek SH. S.U.V.'s, golf, and even peas join growing hit list of eco-vandals. NYT NYT, July 1, 2001:A1,A15.58. Peterson M. New trade threat for U.S. farmers. NYT NYT, August 29, 1999:A1,A28.59. Ramey TS, Wimmer MJ, Rocker RM. GMOs are dead. In: Mitsch FJ, Mitchell JS. Ag Biotech: Thanks, but No Thanks? Ag Biotech: Thanks, but No Thanks? Deutsche Bank, July 12, 1999, at Deutsche Bank, July 12, 1999, at www.rag.org.au/baa/gmbank.htm. Also see: GAO. International Trade: Concerns over Biotechnology Challenge U.S. Agricultural Exports International Trade: Concerns over Biotechnology Challenge U.S. Agricultural Exports (GAO-01-727), June 2001. (GAO-01-727), June 2001.60. American Corn Growers Association. Third Annual Survey Third Annual Survey, December 21, 2001, and Corn Growers Concerned Trade Legislation Will Backfire Corn Growers Concerned Trade Legislation Will Backfire, January 18, 2002.61. Wainio J, Gibson P. U.S. exports face high tariffs in some key markets. FoodReview FoodReview 2001;24(3):2938. 2001;24(3):2938.62. Nettleton JA. Food industry retreats from science. Food Technology Food Technology 1999;53(10):24. 1999;53(10):24.

CONCLUSION. THE FUTURE OF FOOD SAFETY:.

PUBLIC HEALTH VERSUS BIOTERRORISM.

1. GAO. Bioterrorism: Federal Research and Preparedness Activities Bioterrorism: Federal Research and Preparedness Activities (GAO-01-915), September 2001. (GAO-01-915), September 2001. Bioterrorism: Review of Public Health Preparedness Programs Bioterrorism: Review of Public Health Preparedness Programs (GAO-02-149T), October 10, 2001. (GAO-02-149T), October 10, 2001. Food Safety and Security: Fundamental Changes Needed to Ensure Safe Food Food Safety and Security: Fundamental Changes Needed to Ensure Safe Food (GAO-02-47T), October 10, 2001. (GAO-02-47T), October 10, 2001.2. Green E. Britain details the start of its "mad cow" outbreak. NYT NYT, January 26, 1999:F2. Brown P, Will RG, Bradley R, et al. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: background, evolution, and current concerns. Emerging Infectious Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases 2001;7:616. Balter M. Uncertainties plague projections of vCJD toll. 2001;7:616. Balter M. Uncertainties plague projections of vCJD toll. Science Science 2001;294:770771. Projections are imprecise because people ate meat from affected cows from 1980 to 1996, and the disease develops slowly. 2001;294:770771. Projections are imprecise because people ate meat from affected cows from 1980 to 1996, and the disease develops slowly.3. Brown P. On the origins of BSE. Lancet Lancet 1998;352:252253. 1998;352:252253.4. Other examples are kuru, a human disease specifically associated with ritualistic cannibalism among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea, and prion diseases specific to mink, deer, cats, and a great variety of exotic animals. Two Nobel Prizes honor this work: to Carleton Gajdusek for studies of kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (1976), and to Stanley Prusiner for discovering and naming prions (1997).5. Prusiner SB. Prion diseases and the BSE crisis. Science Science 1997;278:245251. But see: Chesebro B. BSE and prions: uncertainties about the agent. 1997;278:245251. But see: Chesebro B. BSE and prions: uncertainties about the agent. Science Science 1998;279:4243. Prions are believed to cause proteins in the brain and nervous system to fold improperly. Like other proteins, prions should be inactivated by acid in the stomach, and digested (disassembled) to amino acids by intestinal enzymes. They are not. Instead, they survive stomach acid and digestive enzymes, pass through the intestinal wall, get carried intact through the blood stream, and penetrate the "blood-brain barrier" that protects the brain from harmful substances. Prion proteins appear to be so tightly folded that they resist inactivation by acid, enzymes, and cooking temperatures. Their improbable behavior is the basis of skepticism and alternative hypotheses (such as a slow-acting virus), but most evidence now favors the existence of prions. 1998;279:4243. Prions are believed to cause proteins in the brain and nervous system to fold improperly. Like other proteins, prions should be inactivated by acid in the stomach, and digested (disassembled) to amino acids by intestinal enzymes. They are not. Instead, they survive stomach acid and digestive enzymes, pass through the intestinal wall, get carried intact through the blood stream, and penetrate the "blood-brain barrier" that protects the brain from harmful substances. Prion proteins appear to be so tightly folded that they resist inactivation by acid, enzymes, and cooking temperatures. Their improbable behavior is the basis of skepticism and alternative hypotheses (such as a slow-acting virus), but most evidence now favors the existence of prions.6. Urry M. Major called for fewer rules on meat hygiene. Financial Times Financial Times (London), June 27June 28, 1998:7. (London), June 27June 28, 1998:7.7. Collee JG, Bradley R. BSE: a decade on-part 1. Lancet Lancet 1997;349:636641 ( 1997;349:636641 (part 2 is is Lancet Lancet 1997;349:715721). Nathanson N, Wilesmith J, Griot C. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): causes and consequences of a common source epidemic. 1997;349:715721). Nathanson N, Wilesmith J, Griot C. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): causes and consequences of a common source epidemic. Am J Epidemiology Am J Epidemiology 1997;14;959969. 1997;14;959969.8. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, et al. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet Lancet 1996;347:921945. Anderson RM, Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, et al. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle. 1996;347:921945. Anderson RM, Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, et al. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle. Nature Nature 1996;382:779788. Scott MR, Will R, Ironside J, et al. Compelling transgenetic evidence for transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to humans. 1996;382:779788. Scott MR, Will R, Ironside J, et al. Compelling transgenetic evidence for transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1999;96:1513715142. 1999;96:1513715142.9. Less beef, more brain (editorial). Lancet Lancet 1996;347:915. Darnton J. Britain ties deadly brain disease to cow ailment. 1996;347:915. Darnton J. Britain ties deadly brain disease to cow ailment. NYT NYT, March 21, 1996:A1,A7. Lanska DJ. The mad cow problem in the UK: risk perceptions, risk management, and health policy development. J Public Health Policy J Public Health Policy 1998;19:160183. 1998;19:160183.10. France will continue beef ban; British pledge to fight in court. NYT NYT, December 9, 1999:A6.11. FDA. Substances prohibited from use in animal food or feed; animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed. FR FR 62:3093530978, June 5, 1997. The rules exempted blood, gelatin, cooked meats, and milk, but FDA eliminated the exemption for gelatin later that year ( 62:3093530978, June 5, 1997. The rules exempted blood, gelatin, cooked meats, and milk, but FDA eliminated the exemption for gelatin later that year (FR 62:5234552346, Oct 7, 1997). Stecklow S. Porous borders: despite assurances, U.S. could be at risk for mad-cow disease. 62:5234552346, Oct 7, 1997). Stecklow S. Porous borders: despite assurances, U.S. could be at risk for mad-cow disease. WSJ WSJ, November 28, 2001:A1,A6.12. Harvard Center for Risk Analysis. Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States: Executive Summary Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States: Executive Summary. USDA/APHIS, November 26, 2001, at www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/ hot_issues/bse/background/documents/mainreporttext.pdf.13. Becker E. U.S. mad cow risk is low, a study by Harvard finds. NYT NYT, December 1, 2001:A12.14. GAO. Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts (GAO-02-183), January 2002:3. (GAO-02-183), January 2002:3.15. Stokes T. Cattlemen continue to beef up efforts to ensure that the U.S. meat supply is safe for consumers. Nation's Restaurant News Nation's Restaurant News, May 20, 2002: 40,44.16. USDA/FSIS. Current Thinking on Measures That Could Be Implemented to Minimize Human Exposure to Materials That Could Potentially Contain the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (news release), January 15, 2002, at www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_thinking.htm. Kilman S, Carroll J. New precautions discussed to bar mad-cow disease. WSJ WSJ, January 18, 2002:NB2.17. Ono Y. U.S. beef group raises stakes in Japan. WSJ WSJ, April 22, 2002:A15. CDC. CDC and Florida Department of Health Investigate a Likely Case of New Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease in a U.K. Citizen Residing in the U.S. (press release), April 18, 2002.18. Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM. The foot-and-mouth epidemic in Great Britain: pattern of spread and impact of interventions. Science Science 2001;292:11551160. Keeling MJ, Woolhouse MEJ, Shaw DJ, et al. Dynamics of the 2001 UK foot and mouth epidemic: stochastic dispersal in a heterogeneous landscape. 2001;292:11551160. Keeling MJ, Woolhouse MEJ, Shaw DJ, et al. Dynamics of the 2001 UK foot and mouth epidemic: stochastic dispersal in a heterogeneous landscape. Science Science 2001;294:813817. Lyall S. A tenacious disease finds new victims in British herds. 2001;294:813817. Lyall S. A tenacious disease finds new victims in British herds. NYT NYT, August 5, 2001:A3.19. Enserink M. Barricading U.S. borders against a devastating disease. Science Science 2001;291:22982300. 2001;291:22982300.20. Cowell A. Cattle disaster still felt in Britain. NYT NYT, September 10, 2002: W1,W7.21. Andrews EL. Dutch farmers facing mass foot-and-mouth slaughter. NYT NYT, April 6, 2001:A4.22. Becker E. Prohibited meat entered U.S., a report finds. NYT NYT, August 14, 2001:A12. Stone R. Report urges U.K. to vaccinate herds. Science Science 2002;297:319321. 2002;297:319321.23. Robert Koch postulated that (1) anthrax bacteria always are present in the blood of animals sick with the disease but not in healthy animals, (2) inoculation of blood from an animal with anthrax into another animal also causes anthrax, (3) inoculation of anthrax bacteria isolated from the blood of a sick animal and grown in culture will transmit anthrax to the new animal, and (4) anthrax bacteria can be isolated from the new animal. "These conclusions are so certain, that no one will dispute them, and the anthrax bacillus will be looked upon by the scientific world as the causal agent of ordinary, typical anthrax infection in both our domestic animals and in man himself." See: Koch R. The etiology of tuberculosis (Koch's postulates), 1884. In: Brock TD. Milestones in Microbiology: 1556 to 1940 Milestones in Microbiology: 1556 to 1940. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology, 1998:116118.24. Riemann H, Bryan FL. Food-Borne Infections and Intoxications Food-Borne Infections and Intoxications, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press, 1979:235238.25. CDC. Human ingestion of Bacillus anthracis-contaminated meat-Minnesota, August 2000. MMWR MMWR 2000;49:813816. 2000;49:813816.26. CDC. Human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock-North Dakota, 2000. MMWR MMWR 2001;50:677680. 2001;50:677680.27. Guillemin J. Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science Science 1994;266:12021208. Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. 1994;266:12021208. Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA JAMA 2002;287:22362252. 2002;287:22362252.28. Ala'Aldeen D. Risk of deliberately induced anthrax outbreak. Lancet Lancet 2001;358:13861388. 2001;358:13861388.29. Kristof ND. Profile of a killer. NYT NYT, January 4, 2002:A21. Rosenberg BH. Analysis of the anthrax attacks. Federation of American Scientists, February 5, 2002, at www.anthraxinvestigation.com/anthraxreport.htm. Scientist's suicide linked to anthrax inquiry. NYT NYT, August 2, 2008. Also see NYT NYT, February 20, 2010.30. Broad WJ, Grady D. Science slow to ponder ills that linger in anthrax victims. NYT NYT, September 16, 2002:A1,A13. Greenberg DS. US anthrax scares prompt action on bioterrorism. Lancet Lancet 2001;358:1435. Lipton E, Johnson K. Tracking bioterror's tangled course. 2001;358:1435. Lipton E, Johnson K. Tracking bioterror's tangled course. NYT NYT, December 26, 2001:A1,B4,B5. Stolberg SG, Miller J. Many worry that nation is still highly vulnerable to germ attack. NYT NYT, September 9, 2002:A16.31. CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and adverse events from antimicrobial prophylaxis. MMWR MMWR 2001;50:973976. 2001;50:973976.32. Lerner S. Risky chickens. Village Voice Village Voice, December 4, 2001:45. Goldburg R, Florini K. Bayer's Sale of Modified Cipro May Threaten Public Health (press release). New York: Environmental Defense, October 23, 2001. Silbergeld EK, Walker P. What if Cipro stopped working? NYT NYT, November 3, 2001:A23. FDA. NOOH [Notice of Opportunity for Hearing] for poultry fluoroquinolones (background information), December 7, 2000.33. Burros M. Poultry industry quietly cuts back on antibiotic use. NYT NYT, February 10, 2002:A1,A26.34. Chiu C-H, Wu T-L, Su L-H, et al. The emergence in Taiwan of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis. serotype choleraesuis. NEJM NEJM 2002;346:413419. McDermott PF, Bodeis SM, English LL, et al. Ciprofloxacin resistance in 2002;346:413419. McDermott PF, Bodeis SM, English LL, et al. Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter jejuni evolves rapidly in chickens treated with fluoroquinolones. evolves rapidly in chickens treated with fluoroquinolones. J Infectious Diseases J Infectious Diseases 2002;185:837840. 2002;185:837840.35. Bayer Signs Financing Agreement for Aventis CropScience Acquisition (press release). Bayer, December 12, 2001.36. Andrews MS, Prell MA, eds. Second Food Security Measurement and Research Conference, Volume II: Papers Second Food Security Measurement and Research Conference, Volume II: Papers. USDA/ERS, July 2001.37. United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, December 10, 1948). Reprinted in JAMA JAMA 1998;280:469470. 1998;280:469470.38. Oshaug A, Eide WB, Eide A. Human rights: a normative basis for food and nutrition-relevant policies. Food Policy 1994;19:491516 Food Policy 1994;19:491516. Dreze J, Sen A. Hunger and Public Action Hunger and Public Action. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.39. The World Factbook The World Factbook-United States, 2001. Central Intelligence Agency, at www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook.40. Assefa F, Jabarkhil MZ, Salama P, et al. Malnutrition and mortality in Kohistan district, Afghanistan, April 2001. JAMA JAMA 2001;286:27232728. Ahmad K. Scurvy outbreak in Afghanistan prompts food aid concerns. 2001;286:27232728. Ahmad K. Scurvy outbreak in Afghanistan prompts food aid concerns. Lancet Lancet 2002;359: 1044. 2002;359: 1044.41. Perlez J. Individual meals from the sky. NYT NYT, October 8, 2001:B3.42. Monbiot G. Folly of aid and bombs. Guardian Guardian (London), October 9, 2001, at (London), October 9, 2001, at www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2001/oct/09/afghanistan.britainand911.43. Hungry for peace: with winter near, starving Afghans need more than airdropped relief. San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco Chronicle, October 26, 2001:A1,A18. Shanker T, Schmitt E. U.S. warns Afghans that Taliban may poison relief food. NYT NYT, October 25, 2001:B244. Dao J. Sergeant designs a better box for dropping food to Afghans. NYT NYT, October 10, 2001:B3. Waldman A. Food drops go awry, damaging several homes. NYT NYT, November 21, 2001:B2. Becker E. Even with roads still open, security fears are choking the flow of food aid. NYT NYT, November 30, 2001:B4. Chivers CJ, Becker E. Aid groups say warlords steal as needy wait. NYT NYT, January 4, 2002:A1,A15.45. Nestle M, Dalton S. Food aid and international hunger crises: the United States in Somalia. Agriculture and Human Values Agriculture and Human Values 1994;11(4):1927. Lewis P. Downside of doing good: disaster relief can harm. 1994;11(4):1927. Lewis P. Downside of doing good: disaster relief can harm. NYT NYT, February 27, 1999:B9. McKinlay D. Refugees left in the cold at "slaughterhouse" camp. Guardian Guardian (London), January 3, 2002. Gall C. Pleas for food, help and a way out. (London), January 3, 2002. Gall C. Pleas for food, help and a way out. NYT NYT, January 20, 2002:A15.46. Truelsen S. Food aid and the war on terrorism. The Voice of Agriculture The Voice of Agriculture. American Farm Bureau Federation, November 5, 2001. See www.fb.com.47. Burros M. A vulnerable food supply, a call for more safety. NYT NYT, October 31, 2001: F1,F8. Mitchell A. Bush gives secrecy power to public health secretary. NYT NYT, December 12 2001:B6. Mitchell A. Disputes erupt on Ridge's needs for his job. NYT NYT, November 4, 2001:B7.48. Fee E, Brown TM. Preemptive biopreparedness: Can we learn anything from history? Am J Public Health Am J Public Health 2001;91:721726 (and letter, 19181919). The 2nd National Symposium on Medical and Public Health Response to Bio-Terrorism: Public Health Emergency & National Security Threat. 2001;91:721726 (and letter, 19181919). The 2nd National Symposium on Medical and Public Health Response to Bio-Terrorism: Public Health Emergency & National Security Threat. Public Health Reports Public Health Reports 2001;116 (suppl 2):1118. Sobel J, Khan AS, Swerdlow DL. Threat of a biological terrorist attack on the US food supply: the CDC perspective. 2001;116 (suppl 2):1118. Sobel J, Khan AS, Swerdlow DL. Threat of a biological terrorist attack on the US food supply: the CDC perspective. Lancet Lancet 2002;359:874880. 2002;359:874880.49. Henderson DA. The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science Science 1999;283: 12791282. National Research Council. 1999;283: 12791282. National Research Council. Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2002.50. Henderson DA. Biopreparedness and public health (letter). Am J Public Health Am J Public Health 2001;91:19171918. Also see: Piller C, Yamamoto KR. 2001;91:19171918. Also see: Piller C, Yamamoto KR. Gene Wars: Military Control over the New Genetic Technologies Gene Wars: Military Control over the New Genetic Technologies. New York: William Morrow, 1988. DaSilva EJ. Biological warfare, bioterrorism, biodefence and the biological and toxin weapons convention. Electronic J Biotechnology Electronic J Biotechnology, December 15, 1999:2(3), at www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol2/issue3/full/2/index.html. Pollack A. Scientists ponder limits on access to germ research. NYT NYT, November 27, 2001:F1,F6.51. Thompson CJS. Poisons and Poisoners Poisons and Poisoners. New York: Macmillan, 1931. Jensen LB. Poisoning Misadventures Poisoning Misadventures. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1970. Klaassen CD, ed. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996:36.52. Kolavic SA, Kimura A, Simons SL, et al. An outbreak of Shigella dysenteriae Shigella dysenteriae type 2 among laboratory workers due to intentional food contamination. type 2 among laboratory workers due to intentional food contamination. JAMA JAMA 1997;278:396398. Employee sabotage leads to large-scale meat recall. 1997;278:396398. Employee sabotage leads to large-scale meat recall. Nutrition Week Nutrition Week, January 7, 2002:2.53. Khan AS, Swerdlow DL, Juranek DD. Precautions against biological and chemical terrorism directed at food and water supplies. Public Health Reports Public Health Reports 2001;116:314. 2001;116:314.54. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, et al. A large community outbreak of Salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA JAMA 1997;278:389395. Also see: Miller J, Engelberg S, Broad W. 1997;278:389395. Also see: Miller J, Engelberg S, Broad W. Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001:1533.55. Levy T. Health: bioterrorism treatment options besides vaccinations and antibiotics. Vitality Vitality (supermarket advertiser, Cape Cod, MA), December 2001. (supermarket advertiser, Cape Cod, MA), December 2001.56. The National Library of Medicine provides a list of Web sites dealing with biological and chemical weapons, including one for the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine at www.nim.nih.gov/medlineplus. FTC Cracks Down on Marketers of Bogus Bioterrorism Defense Products (press release), November 19, 2001. The FTC is at www.ftc.gov.57. Cohen H, Eolis SL, Gould RM, et al. Hyping bioterrorism obscures real concerns: preparedness programs divert time and resources from health care. Am J Nursing Am J Nursing 2001;101(11):58,60. 2001;101(11):58,60.58. Douglas M, Wildavsky A. Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982:195.59. Barnes JE, Bradsher K. Concerns that U.S. food supply is vulnerable to terrorist attack. NYT NYT, October 24, 2001:B9.60. FDA. Frequently asked consumer questions about food safety and terrorism, November 15, 2001, at http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/newsletters/foodproc/dec01/art2dec.html. McGinley L. FDA asks the food industry to review safety procedures in the wake of attacks. WSJ WSJ, October 3, 2001:A3.61. Mermelstein NH. Terrorism spurs renewed call for single food safety agency. Food Technology Food Technology 2001;55(11):3236. 2001;55(11):3236.62. Cady J. Federal Food Safety and Security: Can Our Fractured Food Safety System Rise to the Challenge? Federal Food Safety and Security: Can Our Fractured Food Safety System Rise to the Challenge? Hearing before the Senate Governmental Affairs Oversight Subcommittee. 107th Congress, 1st Session. Alliance for Food Security, October 10, 2001. Hearing before the Senate Governmental Affairs Oversight Subcommittee. 107th Congress, 1st Session. Alliance for Food Security, October 10, 2001.63. Pianin E. Food industry resists anti-terror proposals: lobbyist says protections adequate. Washington Post Washington Post, December 6, 2001:A49.64. Carroll J. FDA issues guidelines to protect food. WSJ WSJ, January 8, 2002:A2. FDA. Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance: Importers and Filers Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance: Importers and Filers, and Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance: Food Producers, Processors, Transporters, and Retailers Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance: Food Producers, Processors, Transporters, and Retailers, January 9, 2002, at www.foodsafety.gov/~lrd/fr020109.html.USDA/FSIS. FSIS Security Guidelines for Food Processors FSIS Security Guidelines for Food Processors, April 2002, at www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/topics/SecurityGuide.pdf.65. Pear R. Food industry's resistance stalls bill to protect food. NYT NYT, April 16, 2002:A22.66. Acord D. "Improved" bioterrorism bill sails through Congress. FCN FCN, May 27, 2002:1,1315.67. Horton R. Public health: a neglected counterterrorist measure. Lancet Lancet 2001;358:11121113. 2001;358:11121113.68. Yach D, Bettcher D. The globalization of public health. I. Threats and opportunities. II. The convergence of self-interest and altruism. Am J Public Health Am J Public Health 1998;88:735738, 738741. McMichael AJ, Beaglehole R. The changing global context of public health. 1998;88:735738, 738741. McMichael AJ, Beaglehole R. The changing global context of public health. Lancet Lancet 2000;356:495499. 2000;356:495499.69. American Public Health Association. Guiding Principles for a Public Health Response to Bioterrorism Guiding Principles for a Public Health Response to Bioterrorism, October 2001. Online: www.apha.org.70. Garrett L. Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health. New York: Hyperion, 2000. Quotation: 558.

EPILOGUE.

1. Nestle M. Writing the food studies movement. Food, Culture, and Society Food, Culture, and Society 2010;13(2):16270. Martin A. Is a food revolution now in season? 2010;13(2):16270. Martin A. Is a food revolution now in season? NYT NYT, March 21, 2009:BU1.2. Monsanto is at www.monsanto.com. Paarlberg R. Starved for Science: How Biotechnology Is Being Kept Out of Africa Starved for Science: How Biotechnology Is Being Kept Out of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009. Lotter D. The genetic engineering of food and the failure of science-Part 1: The development of a flawed enterprise. International J Sociology of Agriculture and Food International J Sociology of Agriculture and Food 2009;16:3149. Gurian-Sherman D, Robinson E. 2009;16:3149. Gurian-Sherman D, Robinson E. Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops. Union of Concerned Scientists, April 2009. Online: www.ucsusa.org. Many controversial issues related to GM foods are addressed in National Research Council. Impact of Biotechnology on Farm Economics and Sustainability Impact of Biotechnology on Farm Economics and Sustainability. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010.3. FDA. Completed consultations on engineered foods, updated December 31, 2009. Online: www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?rpt=bioListing.USDA/ERS. Adoption of genetically engineered crops in the U.S., July 1, 2009. Online: www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops.USDA/ERS. Briefing room: Sugar and sweeteners: background, updated August 6, 2009. Online: www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/sugar/background.htm.4. Developing countries boost spread of GM crops. Nature Nature 2009;457:949. Germany joins in with maize moratorium. 2009;457:949. Germany joins in with maize moratorium. Nature Nature 2009;458:958. Cameron D. Monsanto revives plans to develop wheat seeds. 2009;458:958. Cameron D. Monsanto revives plans to develop wheat seeds. WSJ WSJ, July 14, 2009.5. Dyer GA, et al. Dispersal of transgenes through maize seed systems in Mexico. PLoS PLoS One 2009;4(5):e5734. Online: One 2009;4(5):e5734. Online: www.plosone.org. Dalton R. Modified genes spread to local maize. Nature Nature 2008;456:149. Stokstad E. Embattled Berkeley ecologist wins tenure. 2008;456:149. Stokstad E. Embattled Berkeley ecologist wins tenure. Science Science 2005;308:1239. Waltz E. Battlefield: papers suggesting that biotech crops might harm the environment attract a hail of abuse from other scientists. 2005;308:1239. Waltz E. Battlefield: papers suggesting that biotech crops might harm the environment attract a hail of abuse from other scientists. Nature Nature 2009;461:2732. 2009;461:2732.6. Caulcutt C. "Superweed" explosion threatens Monsanto heartlands. France 24, April 19, 2009. Online: www.france24.com. Clapp S. Herbicide diversity called critical to keep Roundup effective. FCN FCN, July 20, 2009:7. Gammon C. Weed-whacking herbicide proves deadly to human cells. Scientific Am Scientific Am, June 23, 2009. Online: www.scientificamerican.com. The "inert" ingredient is poly-ethoxylated tallowamine, or POEA.7. Tang G, et al. Golden Rice is an effective source of vitamin A. Am J Clinical Nutrition Am J Clinical Nutrition 2009;89:17761783. Enserink M. Tough lessons from Golden Rice. 2009;89:17761783. Enserink M. Tough lessons from Golden Rice. Science Science 2008;320:468471. 2008;320:468471.8. Martin A. Fighting a battlefield the size of a milk label. NYT NYT, March 9, 2008:BU7. Horovitz B. Companies cut synthetic hormone from dairy products. USA Today USA Today, March 15, 2009. Online: www.usatoday.com. OTA appeals federal court decision on "rBST-free" labeling. FCN FCN, June 3, 2009.9. The Non-GMO Project is online at www.nongmoproject.org. Neuman W. Biotech-free, mostly. NYT NYT, August 29, 2009:B1.10. CDC. Norovirus activity-United States, 20062007. MMWR MMWR 2007; 56(33):842846. Widdowson M-A, Monroe SS, Glass RI. Are noroviruses emerging? 2007; 56(33):842846. Widdowson M-A, Monroe SS, Glass RI. Are noroviruses emerging? Emerging Infectious Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005;11:735737. Hoffmann S. Knowing which foods are making us sick. 2005;11:735737. Hoffmann S. Knowing which foods are making us sick. Choices Choices 2009;24(2):610. Online: 2009;24(2):610. Online: www.choicesmagazine.org.11. CDC. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks-United States, 2006. MMWR MMWR 2009;58(22):609615. 2009;58(22):609615.12. Weston Price Foundation. A campaign for real milk. Online: www.realmilk.com. Dewell GA, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for Escherichia coli Escherichia coli O157 in market-ready beef cattle from 12 U.S. feedlots. O157 in market-ready beef cattle from 12 U.S. feedlots. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2005;2:7076. Reinstein S, et al. Prevalence of 2005;2:7076. Reinstein S, et al. Prevalence of Escherichia coli Escherichia coli O157:H7 in organically and naturally raised beef cattle. O157:H7 in organically and naturally raised beef cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2009;75: 54215423 (doi:10.1128/AEM.0045909). FDA. Questions and answers: Raw milk, March 1, 2007. Online: 2009;75: 54215423 (doi:10.1128/AEM.0045909). FDA. Questions and answers: Raw milk, March 1, 2007. Online: www.fda.gov/Food.13. Drape J. Should this milk be legal? NYT NYT, August 8, 2007:F1. CDC. Escherichia coli Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections in children associated with raw milk and raw colostrum from cows-California, 2006. 0157:H7 infections in children associated with raw milk and raw colostrum from cows-California, 2006. MMWR MMWR 2008;57(23);625628. 2008;57(23);625628.14. FDA. Backgrounder on measures to eliminate risk caused by Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio vulnificus infection from consumption of raw molluscan shellfish, October 17, 2009. Online: infection from consumption of raw molluscan shellfish, October 17, 2009. Online: www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Speeches/ucm187014.htm.15. Taylor MR. Remarks, ISSC biennial meeting, October 17, 2009. Online: www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Speeches/ucm187012.htm.16. FDA. FDA Statement on Vibrio Vulnificus in raw oysters, November 13, 2009. Online: www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm190513.htm.17. FDA recalls are listed online at www.fda.gov/safety/recalls/default.htm. USDA recalls are listed online at www.fsis.usda.gov/FSIS_Recalls/index.asp. The CDC Outbreaks and Incidents page is at http://emergency.cdc.gov/recentincidents.asp.18. The FDA spinach recall page is at www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm179124.htm. California Department of Health Services and FDA. Investigation of an Escherichia coli Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with Dole prepackaged spinach, March 21, 2007. Archived online: O157:H7 outbreak associated with Dole prepackaged spinach, March 21, 2007. Archived online: www.marlerclark.com/2006_Spinach_Report_Final_01.pdf and and www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/Docs/Investigation _of_an_E_Coli_Outbreak_Associated_with_Dole_Pre-Packaged_Spinach.pdf. One year and millions of dollars later. ThePacker.com, September 7, 2007. USDA disappearance data are at www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption. Per capita availability of spinach was 2.2 pounds in 2005 and 1.8 pounds in 2008.19. Jay MT, et al. Escherichia coli Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, Central California coast. O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, Central California coast. Emerging Infectious Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases 2007;13(12):19081911. California Department of Fish and Game. Preliminary research results find less than one half of one percent occurrences of 2007;13(12):19081911. California Department of Fish and Game. Preliminary research results find less than one half of one percent occurrences of E. coli E. coli O157:H7 in wildlife in California Central Coast counties, April 7, 2009. Online: O157:H7 in wildlife in California Central Coast counties, April 7, 2009. Online: www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news09/2009040702.asp.20. Solomon EB, Yaron S, Matthews KR. Transmission of Escherichia coli Escherichia coli O157:H7 from contaminated manure and irrigation water to lettuce plant tissue and its subsequent internalization. O157:H7 from contaminated manure and irrigation water to lettuce plant tissue and its subsequent internalization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002;68:397400. Uhlich GA, et al. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing 2002;68:397400. Uhlich GA, et al. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli Escherichia coli isolates associated with two multistate food-borne outbreaks that occurred in 2006. isolates associated with two multistate food-borne outbreaks that occurred in 2006. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2008;74:12681272. 2008;74:12681272.21. Nestle M. The spinach fallout: Restoring trust in California produce [perspective]. San Jose Mercury News San Jose Mercury News, October 22, 2006.22. Chadwell J. Natural Selection Foods learns from experience. ThePacker.com, September 7, 2007. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Proposed California leafy green products handler marketing agreement, January 24, 2007. Online: www.caff.org/policy/documents/lgph_agreement.pdf. FDA. Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables, October 26, 1998. FDA. Produce safety: 2004 action plan to minimize foodborne illness associated with fresh produce consumption, October 2004. FDA. Letter to California firms that grow, pack, process, or ship fresh and fresh-cut lettuce, November 4, 2005. FDA. Lettuce safety initiative, August 23, 2006. Online: FDA. Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables, October 26, 1998. FDA. Produce safety: 2004 action plan to minimize foodborne illness associated with fresh produce consumption, October 2004. FDA. Letter to California firms that grow, pack, process, or ship fresh and fresh-cut lettuce, November 4, 2005. FDA. Lettuce safety initiative, August 23, 2006. Online: www.fda.gov/Food. FDA. FDA statement on foodborne E. coli E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in spinach, September 19, 2006. Online: O157:H7 outbreak in spinach, September 19, 2006. Online: www.fda.gov.23. Marler B. Wisconsin woman severely sickened by E. coli E. coli in spinach forced to sue, September 3, 2009. Online: in spinach forced to sue, September 3, 2009. Online: www.marlerblog.com.24. FDA. Guidance to industry: Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards of leafy greens; draft guidance, July 2009. Online: www.fda.gov/Food.25. Associated Press. E. coli E. coli outbreak sickens 11 in N.J., December 3, 2007. Online: outbreak sickens 11 in N.J., December 3, 2007. Online: www.sfgate.com. FDA. FDA investigating E. coli E. coli O157:H7 infections associated with Taco Bell restaurants in Northeast, December 6, 2006. Online: O157:H7 infections associated with Taco Bell restaurants in Northeast, December 6, 2006. Online: www.fda.gov. Belson K, Smothers R. Reports of illness spread as search for E. coli E. coli source narrows. source narrows. NYT NYT, December 8, 2006:B1.26. Adamy J, Vranica S. Taco Bell faces new questions about E. coli. WSJ E. coli. WSJ, December 13, 2006:B1. Creed G. Taco Bell food is safe. NYT NYT, December 12, 2006:A23. A second advertisement appeared on December 18 announcing the end of the CDC's investigation. The quotation is from DePalma A, Martin A. New Jersey distribution site is scrutinized as more E. coli E. coli cases are reported. cases are reported. NYT NYT, December 8, 2006:B1.27. CDC. Multistate outbreak of E. coli E. coli O157 infections linked to Taco Bell, NovemberDecember 2006. Online: O157 infections linked to Taco Bell, NovemberDecember 2006. Online: www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2006/december/.28. Schlosser E. Has politics contaminated the food supply? NYT NYT, December 11, 2006. Sickened by fresh produce. NYT NYT, December 9, 2006 (editorial). Burros M. E. coli E. coli fears inspire a call for oversight. fears inspire a call for oversight. NYT NYT, December 9, 2006:B1.29. FDA. Melamine pet food recall of 2007. Online: www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/RecallsWithdrawals/ucm129575.htm.30. Xin H, Stone R. Chinese probe unmasks high-tech adulteration with melamine. Science Science 2008;322:13101311. Ingelfinger JR. Melamine and the global implications of food contamination. 2008;322:13101311. Ingelfinger JR. Melamine and the global implications of food contamination. NEJM NEJM 2008;359:27452748. Melamine and food safety in China. 2008;359:27452748. Melamine and food safety in China. Lancet Lancet 2009;373:353. Kuehn BM. Melamine scandals highlight hazards of increasingly globalized food chain. 2009;373:353. Kuehn BM. Melamine scandals highlight hazards of increasingly globalized food chain. JAMA JAMA 2009;301:473475. China executes 2 for role in tainted milk scandal. 2009;301:473475. China executes 2 for role in tainted milk scandal. NYT NYT, November 24, 2009. Online: www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/11/24/world/AP-AS-China-TaintedMilk.html. The FDA's melamine-in-China page is at www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/briefing/2008-4386b3.pdf. Melamine scandals continued into 2010.31. Inspector General. Review of the Food and Drug Administration's monitoring of pet food recalls, August 12, 2009. Online: http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region1/10701503.pdf.32. The quotations are from Moss M. E. coli E. coli path shows flaws in beef inspection. path shows flaws in beef inspection. NYT NYT, October 4, 2009. Stephanie Smith's medical problems and lawsuit are documented online at www.marlerblog.com. USDA recalls are archived online at http://origin-www.fsis.usda.gov/Fsis_Recalls/Recall_Case_Archive/index.asp.33. USDA/FSIS. Handling the largest meat recall in U.S. history, February 22, 2008. Online: www.fsis.usda.gov. Humane Society of the United States. HSUS investigates slaughterhouse. Online: http://video.hsus.org/.34. USDA/FSIS. California firm recalls beef products derived from non-ambulatory cattle without the benefit of proper inspection, February 17, 2008. Online: www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/Recall_0052008_Release.pdf. USDA/FSIS. Statement by Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer regarding Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company two-year product recall, February 17, 2008. Online: www.usda.gov.35. Zhang J. Meat inspectors can't keep up, official says. WSJ WSJ, April 18, 2008. The quotation is from Healey JR, Schmidt J. USDA orders largest beef recall: 143.4 million pounds. USA Today USA Today, February 18, 2008. Online: www.usatoday.com.36. CDC. Investigation of outbreak of infections caused by Salmonella Salmonella Saintpaul, update for August 28, 2008. Online: Saintpaul, update for August 28, 2008. Online: www.cdc.gov/salmonella/saintpaul/jalapeno. The FDA page on this outbreak is at www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm179116.htm. Maki DG. Coming to grips with foodborne infection-peanut butter, peppers, and nationwide Salmonella Salmonella outbreaks. outbreaks. NEJM NEJM 2009;360:949953. Weise E. How modern science and old-fashioned detective work cracked the salmonella case. 2009;360:949953. Weise E. How modern science and old-fashioned detective work cracked the salmonella case. USA Today USA Today, June 18, 2008. Online: www.usatoday.com. Jargon J. Grocers and restaurants toss out tomatoes. WSJ WSJ, June 10, 2008:B1.37. CDC. Outbreak of Salmonella Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections associated with multiple raw produce items-United States, 2008. serotype Saintpaul infections associated with multiple raw produce items-United States, 2008. MMWR MMWR 2008;57(34): 929934. 2008;57(34): 929934.38. Acheson D. Salmonella Salmonella Saintpaul outbreak investigation, statement before Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, July 31, 2008. Online: Saintpaul outbreak investigation, statement before Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, July 31, 2008. Online: www.fda.gov.39. Goldman LR, Pendergast MK. Breakdown: Lessons to be learned from the 2008 Salmone Salmonella Saintpaul Outbreak. Pew Charitable Trusts, Produce Safety Project, November 17, 2008. Online: www.producesafetyproject.org/reports?id = 0001 (note the helpful timeline). = 0001 (note the helpful timeline).40. The FDA page on the peanut butter recalls is www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/MajorProductRecalls/Peanut/default.htm. CDC. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Salmonella infections associated with peanut butter and peanut buttercontaining products-United States, 20082009. infections associated with peanut butter and peanut buttercontaining products-United States, 20082009. MMWR MMWR 2009;58(04):8590. CDC. Investigation update: Outbreak of 2009;58(04):8590. CDC. Investigation update: Outbreak of Salmonella Salmonella Typhimurium infections, 20082009, April 29, 2009. Online: Typhimurium infections, 20082009, April 29, 2009. Online: www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium/update.html.41. Hazardous peanut butters. NYT NYT, January 29, 2009. Moss M. Peanut case shows holes in safety net. NYT NYT, February 9, 2009.42. Keefe B. Peanut's firm's chief an advisor. Atlanta Journal-Constitution Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 1, 2009. Consumers Union. Consumers Union statement in response to PCA bankruptcy, February 13, 2009. Online: www.consumersunion.org. Severson K, Martin A. It's organic but does that mean it's safer? NYT NYT, March 3, 2009. FDA. Guidance for industry: Measures to address the risk for contamination by Salmonella Salmonella species in food containing a peanut-derived product as an ingredient, March 2009. Online: species in food containing a peanut-derived product as an ingredient, March 2009. Online: www.fda.gov/Food.43. Today Today. Obama: "We're suffering from a massive hangover" (transcript), February 2, 2009. Online: www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28975726.44. Hamburg MA, Sharfstein JM. The FDA as a public health agency. NEJM NEJM 2009;360:24932495. 2009;360:24932495.45. The FDA's pistachios page is at www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/MajorProductRecalls/Pistachio/default.htm. CDC. Salmonella Salmonella in pistachio nuts, 2009, April 14, 2009. Online: in pistachio nuts, 2009, April 14, 2009. Online: www.cdc.gov/salmonella/pistachios/update.html. Weise E. FDA: Recall of tainted pistachio nuts far from over. USA Today USA Today, April 7, 2009.46. Scott-Thomas C. Setton pistachio knew of salmonella, says FDA. Food Production Daily Food Production Daily, May 26, 2009. Online: www.foodproductiondaily.com/content/view/print/247755. CAL-PURE and Western Pistachio Association. Important information on FDA pistachio recall, updated August 6, 2009. Online: www.pistachiorecall.org. FDA. FDA warns consumers not to eat California Prime Produce and Orange County Orchards brands of pistachios: Products linked to the previous recall by Setton Pistachio of Terra Bella Inc., June 22, 2009. Online: www.fda.gov.47. FDA. Letter to processors about current GMPs, April 3, 2009. Online: www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls.48. Big surprises in recall of cookie dough. Consumer Reports Consumer Reports, September 2009. Online: www.consumerreports.org.49. CDC. Multistate outbreak of E. coli E. coli O157:H7 infections linked to eating raw refrigerated, prepackaged cookie dough. Updated August 7, 2009. Online: O157:H7 infections linked to eating raw refrigerated, prepackaged cookie dough. Updated August 7, 2009. Online: www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2009/0807.html. FDA. E. coli E. coli in Nestle Toll House cookie dough: Background, July 13, 2009. Online: in Nestle Toll House cookie dough: Background, July 13, 2009. Online: www.fda.gov. Layton L. This woman might die from eating cookie dough. Washington Post Washington Post, September 1, 2009. Online: www.washingtonpost.com. Flour (or chocolate bits) were considered likely sources.50. Marler B. More bad raw milk stories, August 29, 2009. Online: www.marlerblog.com.51. USDA/FSIS. California firm recalls ground beef products due to possible Salmonella Salmonella contamination, August 6, 2009. Online: contamination, August 6, 2009. Online: www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events. The USDA/FSIS recall page is at www.fsis.usda.gov/FSIS_RECALLS.52. Burke G. Calif. meat plant cited for cow handling problems. Pawtucket Times Pawtucket Times, August 12, 2009.53. Morrison B, Eisler P, DeBarros A. Why a recall of tainted beef didn't include school lunches. USA Today USA Today, December 2, 2009.54. Gabbett RJ. USDA still considering calling E. coli E. colipositive primals adulterated. Meatingplace, August 20, 2009. Online: www.meatingplace.com.55. Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production. Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America, 2008. Online: www.ncifap.org/_images/PCIFAPFin.pdf.56. Salvage B. A.M.I. opposes bill curbing antibiotic use, July 20, 2009. Online: www.meatpoultry.com. Johnston T. Animal antibiotics improve food safety, coalition tells White House, August 17, 2009. Online: www.meatingplace.com. American Veterinary Medical Association. Response to the Final Report of the Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production Response to the Final Report of the Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, August 2009. Online: www.avma.org/advocacy/PEWresponse.57. Branigin W, Allen M, Mintz J. Tommy Thompson resigns from HHS. Washington Post Washington Post, December 3, 2004. FDA food defense information is at www.fda.gov/Food/FoodDefense/default.htm.58. Taylor MR. The recent Salmonella Salmonella outbreak: Lessons learned and consequences to industry and public health. Testimony before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, July 31, 2008. Online: outbreak: Lessons learned and consequences to industry and public health. Testimony before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, July 31, 2008. Online: http://energycommerce.house.gov.59. FDA Science Board. Science and Mission at Risk: Report of the Subcommittee on Science and Technology Science and Mission at Risk: Report of the Subcommittee on Science and Technology, November 2007; and Food Protection Plan: An Integrated Strategy for Protecting the Nation's Food Supply Food Protection Plan: An Integrated Strategy for Protecting the Nation's Food Supply, November 2007. Online: www.fda.gov. Taylor MR. Testimony. Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, U.S. Senate, December 4, 2007. Online: http://help.senate.gov/Hearings/2007_12_04/Taylor.pdf.60. FDA. Egg safety final rule, July 7, 2009; and FDA issues draft guidances for tomatoes, leafy greens, and melons, July 31, 2009. Both online: www.fda.gov/Food. Scott-Thomas C. FDA publishes details of warning letter overhaul, August 11, 2009. Online: www.foodproductiondaily.com/content/view/print/256120. USDA. Proposed marketing agreement for leafy greens, September 3, 2009. Online: www.ams.usda.gov. Cornucopia Institute. Proposed federal rules could competitively injure small, local, and organic fresh market produce growers, September 3, 2009. Online: www.cornucopia.org.61. Congress introduced bills to modernize the FDA in 2009. In July, the House passed H.R. 2749, the Food Safety Enhancement Act. Early in 2010, the Senate was still considering a similar bill, S. 510. Online: www.govtrack.us. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition (and 70 other organizations). Letter to Senators Tom Harkin and Michael Enzi, Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, November 16, 2009. Online: http://sustainableagriculture.net.

APPENDIX. THE SCIENCE OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY.

1. I cannot resist an example. Here are the crucial steps in construction of the vector used to insert the genes for beta-carotene synthesis into rice, as given in the paper cited as note 3: "Finally, crtI crtI and and psy psy expression cassettes were isolated with Kpn I/Not I digestion and inserted into Kpn I/Not I-digested pUC18M and designated as pBaal3. pBin19hpc was made by insertion of a Kpn I fragment originally from pCIB90 containing aphIV selectable marker gene into pBaal3 followed by digestion of the I-Sce fragment of the resulting plasmid and insertion into I-Sce I-digested pBin19M." This description is fully intelligible to any scientist who works with plasmids; table 17 gives a rough explanation of what it means. expression cassettes were isolated with Kpn I/Not I digestion and inserted into Kpn I/Not I-digested pUC18M and designated as pBaal3. pBin19hpc was made by insertion of a Kpn I fragment originally from pCIB90 containing aphIV selectable marker gene into pBaal3 followed by digestion of the I-Sce fragment of the resulting plasmid and insertion into I-Sce I-digested pBin19M." This description is fully intelligible to any scientist who works with plasmids; table 17 gives a rough explanation of what it means.2. A particularly lucid account of these concepts is given in Alberts B, Bray D, Johnson A, et al, eds. Essential Cell Biology: An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell Essential Cell Biology: An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1998.3. Ye X, Al-Babili S, Kloti A, et al. Engineering the provitamin A (-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science Science 2000;287: 303305. 2000;287: 303305.4. Beyer P, Al-Babili S, Ye S, et al. Golden Rice: introducing the -carotene biosynthesis pathway into rice endosperm by genetic engineering to defeat vitamin A deficiency. J Nutrition J Nutrition 2002;132:506s510s. 2002;132:506s510s.5. Chawla HS. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 2000.

LIST OF TABLES.

1. Key events in the political history of StarLink corn, 1995 to 20022. Comparison of "science-based" and "value-based" approaches to risk evaluation3. The most frequent microbial causes of foodborne disease in the United States4. Recommendations for reducing the risk of infection from E. coli E. coli O157:H7 O157:H75. Modern developments in food production practices, dietary preferences, and demographics6. The distribution of U.S. government regulatory responsibility for food safety7. The illogical division of food safety oversight8. The seven principles of HACCP9. Food safety is everyone's responsibility 10. Suggestions for legislative actions to ensure safe food 11. Theoretical and current applications of food biotechnology 12. Outline of the research steps to make Golden Rice 13. Actions of selected countries regarding genetically modified foods, 2001 14. FDA advice about food security, 2002 15. Suggestions for political actions to ensure safe food 16. Selected examples of food recalls and outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 20062009 17. Highlights of one method to insert beta-carotene into rice

LIST OF FIGURES.

1. The multinational origins of Aventis CropScience2. The chain of production, distribution, and marketing of StarLink corn3. Sierra Sierra magazine cover: "When biology meets big business" magazine cover: "When biology meets big business"4. The inconsistent and illogical federal oversight of beef and chicken broths5. A Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan for cooked meat6. USDA safe-handling instructions for raw meat, annotated7. Doonesbury cartoon: Senator Robert Dole's attempt to deregulate the meat industry8. The Fight BAC! campaign for home food safety9. The radura irradiation symbol and the EPA logo 10. Daily News Daily News front page: "Meat Mess" front page: "Meat Mess"

11. Cartoon: "Genetically Modified Specials"

12. Biotechnology industry advertisement for the benefits of Golden Rice 13. The pathway of biosynthesis of beta-carotene 14. Biotechnology industry advertisement for genetically engineered breakfast cereal 15. Cartoon: a child's objections to genetically modified food 16. Cartoon: Sylvia's dreams of the benefits of genetically modified food 17. Industry advertisement for the benefits of biotechnology to farmers 18. Public protest against genetically modified foods, 1999 19. Ben & Jerry's policy on the use of rBGH in their products 20. FDA policy on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants, 1992 21. Cartoon: response to the FDA's regulatory stance on genetically modified foods 22. Calgene's 1992 proposed label for genetically modified Flavr Savro tomatoes 23. Label: Sainsbury's genetically modified tomato paste 24. Proposed label for genetically modified foods, 1999 25. Food products labeled as genetically modified or as "GM-free"

26. Flyer advertising a San Francisco Mime Troupe play, summer 2000 27. Greenpeace card opposing the marketing of genetically modified foods 28. Manhattan billboard featuring Alexis Rockman's The Farm The Farm, 2000 29. U.S. food aid to Afghanistan, 2001 30. Organization chart for the U.S. Office of Homeland Security, 2001 31. The Onion The Onion's creative solution to the food safety crisis