Deforestation has reduced Sierra Leone's primary rain forest from 60 percent of the country to 6 percent, while in China deforestation has led to increased flooding, topsoil erosion, and exhaustipn of wells. As a result, arable land per capita has declined rapidly. Large-scale population movement is already a major problem in China, as people try to escape from the interior to the booming coastal areas. 16 Is anyone in Washington thinking about how to help China with this problem? The answer is made dramatically clear in our budget, which mandates an increase of more than $50 billion for the Pentagon while aid and development programs continue to languish at $16.8 billion. 17 I know it's an alien concept for Americans, but sometimes smaller really is better and less really is more. A strategy of making our power safe for others, even of diminishing our relative power, of granting others the dignity of being treated like adults and of cooperating and sharing responsibility, will pay off in many ways. It will lower our profile and make us one among many targets rather than the only target. It will force others to understand our perspective by shouldering responsibilities more like ours. It will reduce envy and resentment by granting others greater equality. It will be much less costly because we won't have to control and pay for everything. It will mean sharing some power, but the Declaration of Independence was about liberty and the pursuit of happiness, not the pursuit of power, and the Constitution was about controlling and limiting power. America was not designed to be an empire.
If we are to adopt this unprecedented strategy of diminishing our geopolitical power, we must address one last thing the creed. We are a well-intentioned people who have been blessed by fortune. We have an admirable democracy, but it is not the only possible democracy and not always the best possible democracy. We have a very successful economy, but so do others, and ours is not in all ways the best. We have a good system of justice with much to admire, but so do others, and ours is not always the best.
It has been a long journey of reading and experience that has brought me to this point. I always wanted to believe that America was purest and best in everything. So I can imagine that you, the reader, may be struggling with some of this. But the only way for America to be what I think is her ultimate, true self is to know and acknowledge the truth. And the truth will make her free and what she ought to be. In other words, we need to rethink American exceptionalism. Part of the shock of September 11 was the shattering of the myth that bad things happen only to other people. It was the shock of joining the world. It doesn't mean that we should be fatalistic, but in an age of globalization we need to recognize that others' problems are our problems too and that we don't have all the answers. Particularly, I would like to remind my fellow Christians of the words of Oliver Cromwell, who enjoined in a letter to the Church of Scotland: 'in the bowels of Christ, please believe that you may be wrong.' 18 As an elder of the Presbyterian Church, I want to emphasize that Christ was not about nations and power, and did not spread his gospel by force. When asked about taxes, he said, 'render unto Caesar what is Caesar's and unto God what is God's.' Christ saved the souls of individuals, one by one. The salvation of the churches of America has been the separation of Church and state. In view of the demise of the churches of Europe in the bear hug of the state, we Christians should avoid, rather than embrace, closer connections between Church and state here in America. Politicians who use God as a prop for their campaigns should remember that 'God is not mocked.' An America that stressed its tolerance rather than its might, its tradition of open inquiry rather than its way of life, and that asked for God's blessing on all the world's people and not just its own, would be the America the world desperately wants. It would be something else too. I'll never forget my first glimpse of the Italian town of Assisi, home of St. Francis. As I turned a curve in the road just before sunset, there it was, white and shimmering on the hill.
NOTES.
CHAPTER 1.
1. 'A Dirty Business: Mr. Bush Has Put U.S. Credibility on the Line.' Guardian. March 30, 2001, p. 21 2. Colombani, Jean-Marie. 'Nous sommes tous Americains.' Le Monde. Paris, France, September 13, 2001 3. All interviews in this book were conducted between April 2001 and October 2002, in the United States, Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Those not mentioned by name have requested to remain anonymous 4. Constantine, Gus. 'Taiwan Praised Bush Vow To Do 'Whatever It Takes.'' Washington Times, May 4, 2001. p. A1 5. 'Swedish Host Blasts Wrong Policies on Environment,' AP Canadian Press. June 14,2001 6. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. What the World Thinks in 2002: How Global Publics View: Their Lives, Their Countries, The World, America. December 2002.
CHAPTER 2.
1. Bacevich, Andrew J. American Empire: The Realties and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 122 2. Ibid, p. 8 3. Ibid., p. 7 4. Huntington, Samuel P. 'The Lonely Superpower.' Foreign Affairs. MarchApril 1999, p. 38 5. Speech by George W. Bush. 'A Distinctly American Internationalism.' Simi Valley, California, November 19, 1999; and Bacevich, p. 201 6. The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, 'What the World Thinks in 2002,'p. 70-71 7. President Bush commencement speech at West Point Academy, June 1, 2002; www.whitehouse.govnewsreleases20020620020601-3.html 8. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The White House, September 2002; http:usinfo.state.govtopicalpolterrorsecstrat.htm#nssintro 9. Armstrong, David. 'Dick Cheney's Song of America: Drafting a Plan for Global Dominance.' Harper's. October 1, 2002. Vol. 305, N1824, p. 76-82 10. 'Present at the Creation: A Survey of America's World Role.' The Economist. June 29, 2002, p. 5 11. Kristol, Irving. 'The Emerging American Empire.' American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC. August 18, 1997 12. Kennedy, Paul. 'The Eagle Has Landed. 'Financial Times. February 2, 2002, p. l 13. Johnson, Chalmers. Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire. New York: Henry Holt and Co, 2000, p. 36 14. Wolffe, Richard. 'Technology Brings Power with Few Constraints.' Financial Times. February 18, 2002, p. 4 15. 'Present at the Creation.' The Economist. June 29, 2002 16. Global Financial Profile Fact Sheet: Report of the High-Level Panel on Financing for Development; www.un.orgreportsfinancingprofile.htm; and Quick Facts: Market Capitalization, www.nyse.commarketinfomarketcapitalization.html 17. 'Present at the Creation.' The Economist. June 29, 2002; and Owen, Geoffrey, 'Entrepreneurship in UK biotechnology: the role of public policy.' The Diebold Institute, 2001 18. Barber, Benjamin R. Jihad Vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996, p. 97-99, and Appendix B 19. 'The Acceptability of American Power.' The Economist. June 29, 2002 20. Sherman, Wendy R. 'Listen to the South, and Talk to the North.' Washington Post. December 24, 2002. p. A15 21. Ozawa, Ichiro. Blueprint for a New Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1994. Published in Japan in June 1993 22. Kristol 23. Institute of International Education. 'Matching Last Year's Increase as Highest Growth Since 1980.' November 18, 2002; www.iie.orgContentContentGroupsAnnouncementsInternational_Student_Enrollment_in_U_S_ Rose_6_4%25_In_2001_2002.htm 24. Jayadev, Raj. 'Silicon Valley Entrepreneurs Needed: 'Where Are You When the S. Asian Community Needs You?'' Pacific News Service, November 23, 2001 25. Barber, p. 69 26. McDougall, Walter A. Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997 27. McDougall, p. 112 28. McDougall, p. 147 29. Truman, Harry S. Address before Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947 30. Higgs, Robert. 'US Military Spending in the Cold War Era: Opportunity Costs, Foreign Crises, and Domestic Constraints.' Policy Analysis, November 1998, Vol.114 31. Neikirk, William, and David S. Cloud. 'Clinton: Abuses put China 'on wrong side of history,' Beijing to limit arms sales.' Chicago Tribune. October 30, 1997 32. Harris, John F. 'Jiang Earns Clinton's High Praise; At Trip's End, Optimism About China's Future.' Washington Post. July 4, 1998, p. A1 33. Gingrich, Newt. To Renew America. New York: Harper Collins, 1995 34. Condoleeza Rice's speech before the Los Angeles World Affairs Council, January 15, 1999. www.lawac.orgspeechrice.html 35. Friedman, Thomas L. 'A Manifesto for the Fast World.' New York Times Magazine. March 28, 1999, p. 3 36. Bacevich, p. 127; and William J. Clinton, National Strategy for a New Century, Washington, DC: DIANE Publishing, 1998, p. 8 37. Second Presidential Debate, Wake Forest University, October 11, 2000 38. Niebuhr, Reinhold. Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study of Ethics and Politics. New York: Scribners, 1932, p. 294 39. Chesterton, G.K. What I Saw in America. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1992, p. 7 40. Huntington, Samuel P. 'The Erosion of American National Interests.' Foreign Affairs. SeptemberOctober 1997, Vol.76, N5 41. Lipset, Seymour Martin. American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. New YorkLondon: W.W. Norton, 1996, p. 19 42. National address by President George W. Bush, September 11, 2001 43. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. War. Boston, MA: March 1838 44. Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. New York: Henry Holt, 1921, p. 37 45. 'In Praise of the Unspeakable Business People and Philanthropy.' The Economist. July 20, 2002, p. 28 46. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics Web site: www.cdc.govnchsfastatshomicide.htm 47. 'Americas tough crime policy is having unintended consequences.' The Economist. August 10,2002 48. Allen, Steven Robert. 'The United Police States of America.' Weekly Alibi. March 9-15, 2000, www.alibi.comalibi2000-03-09edit.html; and The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute. May 2000 49. Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Survey, March Supplement. Table 1. 'Age, Sex, Household Relationship, Race and Hispanic Origin Poverty Status of People by Selected Characteristics in 1998.' U.S. Census Bureau, revised Dec. 15, 1999 50. Worth, Robert. 'A Nation Challenged: Intelligence; Agents Wanted. Should Speak Pashto.' New York Times. October 1, 2001, p. B7 51. Marquis, Christopher. 'More Say Yes to Foreign Service, but Not to Hardship Assignments.' New York Times. July 22, 2002, p. Al 52. Bonner, Raymond. 'Pakistani Schools: Meager Fare for Hungry Minds.' New York Times. March 31, 2002, p. 3 53. Dao, James. 'Over US Protest, Asian Group Approves Family Planning Goals.' New York Times. December 18, 2002, p. A7 54. Wills, Gary. 'Bully of the Free World.' Foreign Affairs. MarchApril 1999, Vol.78, No.2 55. Huntington 56. Haass, Richard N. 'Defining U.S. Foreign Policy in a Post-Post-Cold War World.' Foreign Policy Association, The 2002 Arthur Ross Lecture. New York. April 22, 2002 57. Nye, Joseph S. Jr. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books, 1991 (Reprint Edition) 58. Montesquieu, Charles Louis. Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline. Trans. David Lowenthal. New York: The Free Press, 1965, Chapter 6 The Conduct the Romans Used to Subjugate All People 59. J.R. (John Robert) Sir Seeley (1834-1895) British classicist, historian. The Expansion of England, Lecture 1 (1883); www.bartleby.com665848958.html 60. Paterson, Thomas G. and Dennis Merrill. Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, Vol. 1: To 1920, 4th Ed. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1989 61. Prowse, Michael. 'Greedy bosses, lying politicians and cheating teachers.' Financial Times. June 15, 2002, p. 2 62. National Home Education Research Institute, 'Facts on Home Schooling'; August 1999 63. Friedman, p. 40 64. The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press 65. APEC CEO Summit 2002 Report: Challenges for Development in an Era of Un-certaintly. APEC CEO Summit, Mexico, October 2002 66. Hirsh, Michael. 'Bush and the World.' Foreign Affairs. SeptemberOctober 2002, p. 18.
CHAPTER 3.
1. Chanda, Nayan. 'Economic Survey: Rebuilding Asia.' Far Eastern Economic Review. February 12, 1998 2. Stiglitz, Joseph. Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002, p. 93 3. Warde, Ibrahim. 'Crony Capitalism: LTCM, A Hedge Fund Above Suspicion.' Le Monde Diplomatique. November 1998; www.mondediplo.com1998ll 05warde2 4. Keto, Alex. 'White House Watch: Bush Calls for Fast-Track Authority.' Dow Jones News Service. May 7, 2001 5. Toedtman, James. 'Powell: Trade Is Vital in War on Terrorism.' Newsday. February 2, 2002 6. Thurow, Roger and Scott Kilman. 'Hanging by a Thread: In U.S., Cotton Farmers Thrive; In Africa, They Fight to Survive America's Subsidies Depress World Prices, Undermining Its Foreign-Policy Goals.' Sowing Seeds of Frustration. Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2002, p. 1 7. 'Production to Rise in 200304.' International Cotton Advisory Committee. February 3, 2003 8. Badiane, Ouemane, Dhaneshwar Ghura, Louis Goreux, and Paul Masson. Cotton Sector Strategies in West and Central Africa. World Bank Policy Research. July 2002 9. Thurow, Roger, and Scott Kilman. p. 1 10. Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Ben Goodrich. 'Time for a Grand Bargain in Steel?' International Economic Policy Brief, January 2002, Vol.2, No.1, Table 5 11. Hufbauer, Gary Clyde and Ben Goodrich 12. Howell, Thomas, William A. Noellert, Jesse G. Kreier, and Alan W. Wolff. Steel and the State: Government Intervention and Steel's Structural Crisis. Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1988 13. Statistics calculated from data collected by the International Iron and Steel Institute. May 2002 14. 'Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001.' U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. September 2002; www.bls.govnews.releaseprod4.t01.htm 15. For a more thorough account of the steel industry, I highly recommend Thomas R. Howell's book, Steel and the State: Government Intervention and Steel's Structural Crisis. See note N12 16. Seeman, Roderick. The Japan Lawletter. April 1983; www.japanlaw.comlawlet-terapril83bed.htm 17. May, Bernhard. 'The Marshall Plan: Historical Lessons and Current Challenges in the Balkans,' German Council on Foreign Relations; www.dgap. org marshallplan.html, February 14, 2003 18. 'The History of American Technology: The Automobile Industry, 1940-1959.' web. bryant.edu-historyh364materialcarscars_60.htm 19. 'Mexico-EU, Mexico Ranks Seven in World's Trade in 1998.' EFE News Service. May 5, 1999 20. World Data Profile. The World Bank Group, April 2002. devdata.worldbank.org 21. 'COFACE to Purchase CAN Credit Business Line in North America.' PR Line. November 18, 2002 22. Hutton, Will. The World We're In. London: Little, Brown, 2002. p. 186 23. Calculated from official U.S. government trade statistics 24. Associated Press. 'Policing the Net.' CBS News. November 22, 2001 25. Lavelle, Louis, with Frederick Jesperson and Michael Arndt. 'Executive Pay.' Business Week. April 15, 2002, p. 80 26. Friedman, Tom. 'Foreign Affairs: Big Mac I.' New York Times. December 8, 1996 27. 'Inside a Chinese Sweatshop: A Life of Fines and Beating.' Business Week. October 2, 2000, p. 86 28. Economy, Elizabeth. 'Painting China Green: The Next Sino-American Tussle.' Foreign Affairs. March 1, 1999, Vol.78, No.2, p. 16 29. Bonner, Raymond. 'Indonesia's Forests Go Under the Axe for Flooring.' New York Times. September 13, 2002, p. A3 30. Cookson, Clive. 'Fish Stocks Face Global Collapse.' Financial Times. February 18, 2002 31. 'A Few Green Shoots: The World Summit in Johannesburg.' The Economist. August 31, 2002, p. 59 32. Soloman, Jay. 'How Mr. Bambang Markets Big Macs in Muslim Indonesia.' The Asian Wall Street Journal. October 29, 2001 33. Basu, Kaushik. 'Globalization and Its Threat to Democracy.' The Straits Times. May 3, 2002 34. Global Economic Prospects 2002: Making Trade Work for the World's Poor. World Bank, November 2001 35. Calculated from statistics gathered from the United Nations Statistics Division and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 36. Millman, Joel. 'A Good Job Spoiled: The Golf Exodus.' The Wall Street Journal. July 24, 2002, p. A12.
CHAPTER 4.
1. Bamberger, Robert. 'Automobile and Light Truck Fuel Economy: Is CAFE Up to Standards?' CRS Report for Congress. Updated August 3, 2001 2. Ibid 3. Ibid 4. Lancaster, John. 'Debate on Fuel Economy Turns Emotional.' Washington Post. March 10, 2002, p. A12; and 'Hooray, down goes CAFE.' The Washington Times. March 15, 2002, p. A20 5. Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. 'Gasoline Prices in Japan Increase Slightly.' Japan Auto Trends. June 2000, Vol.4, No.2 6. International Energy Agency. 'Energy Prices and Taxes Quarterly Statistics 2002.'
7. Ibid 8. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation 9. International Energy Agency (IEA). 'Electricity Information 2002.'
10. Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (Japan) 'Energy in Japan 2002.' June 2001 11. The Energy Conservation Center Japan. 'World Primary Energy Consumption per GDP.' Energy Conservation Databook 19992000 12. Hu, Patricia S. 'Estimates of 1996 U.S. Military Expenditures on Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East: Literature Review.' Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Revised August 1997 13. Steckel, Richard H. 'A History of the Standard of Living in the United States.' EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. July 22, 2002; www.eh.netencyclo-pediasteckel.standard.living.us.php 14. Adams, Sean Patrick. 'The U.S. Coal Industry in the Nineteenth Century.' EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 24, 2003.
15- U.S Environmental Protection Agency. 'Imprint of the Past: The Ecological History of New Bedford Harbor.' April 22, 2002. www.epa.govnbhhtmlwhaling.html 16. Steckel 17. Much of this account of the history of the oil industry is from David Yergin's Pulitzer prize-winning book, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991). It is highly recommended for those who wish to read a thoroughly detailed account of the oil industry 18. Yergin, p. 30 19. Steckel 20. Yergin, p. 208 21. Ibid., 178, 183 22. Ibid., pp. 379 23. Ibid., pp. 208-209 24. Ibid., p. 551 25. Ibid., p. 553 26. Historical Statistics of the United States: From Colonial Times to 1970. Series M 138-142, in Part 1, p. 593; Series M 178-187, in Part 1, p. 596. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 1975 27. Yergin, p. 567 28. Ibid., p. 567 29. Ibid., p. 567 30. Ibid., p. 568 31. Ibid., p. 157-164 32. Ibid., p. 425 33. Ibid., p. 555 34. Ibid., p. 601 35. Ibid., pp. 616 36. Ibid., p. 635 37. Ibid., p. 428 38. Ibid., p. 553 39. Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: W.W. Norton, 1987. p. 568 40. Yergin, p. 718 41. Nauman, Matt. 'Sales, Demand Pick Up for Hybrid Cars.' San Jose Mercury News. January 4, 2003 42. Energy in Japan, MITI. June 2001 43. Yergin, p. 655 44. Energy Information Agency (EIA) Country Analysis Brief, France; www.eia. doe.govemeucabsfrance.html 45. IEA. 'Saving Oil and Reducing C02 Emissions in Transport: Options and Strategies.' OECDIEA 2001, p. 23 46. Energy Information Administration. 'World per Capita Primary Energy Consumption (BTU), 1980-2000'; www.eia.doe.govpubinternationaliealftableelc.xls 47. Yergin, p. 617 48. Ibid., p. 660 49. Ibid., p. 660 50. Ibid., p. 660-661 51. Ibid., p. 663 52. Ibid., p. 695-696 53. EIA. 'World Primary Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1980-2000.'
54. EIA. 'Country Analysis Brief, Canada.' December 2002 55. Environmental Law Reporter. 'The National Energy Plan: Hitless After the First Inning.' 1977; Romm, Joseph, 'Needed: A No-Regrets Energy Policy.' Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. JulyAugust 1991, Vol.47, No.6 56. EIA. 'World per Capita Primary Energy Consumption (BTU), 1980-2000.'
57. EIA. 'Annual Energy Review 1997.' DOEEIA-0384. July 1998. Table 5.22 58. EIA. 'Petroleum Overview 1949-2000.' Annual Energy Review 2000, p. 123 59. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 'U.S. Average Horsepower of a New Vehicle.' Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends through 1996. EPAAATDSG96-01 60. EIA. 'U.S. Retail Price of Electricity.' Annual Energy Review 1997. DOEEIA-0384. July 1998. Table 8.13 61. Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers. 'Efficiency of an Average New Refrigerator in the U.S.' Refrigerators Energy and Consumption Trends. July 14, 1997 62. 'Strategic Petroleum Reserve.' U.S. Department of Energy, www.fe.doe.govspr 63. Romm, 47:6 64. Yergin, p. 769 65. Ibid., p. 769 66. Ibid., p. 769 67. Sullivan, Allanna. 'Energy Options: It Wouldn't Be Easy, but U.S. Could Ease Reliance on Arab Oil-Natural Gas, Domestic Wells, Soviet Output Could Help if Price Gets High Enough Don't Count on Windmills.' Wall Street Journal. August 17, 1990, p. Al 68. Yergin, p. 772 69. Yergin, p. 773; and Romm 70. Clark, Mark T. 'The Trouble with Collective Security.' ORBIS. March 22, 1995, Vol. 39 Issue 2, p. 237 71. Romm 72. Ibid 73. Brown, Lester R, Gary Gardner, and Brian Halweil. '16 Impacts of Population Growth.' The Futurist. February 1, 1999 74. Moriz, Ernest J. 'Energy Security.' Congressional testimony by Federal Document Clearing House. June 15, 2000 75. Schulman, Bruce J. 'The Energy Crisis: America Has Mothballed Its Cardigan Sweater.' Los Angeles Times. May 13, 2001 76. Schneider, William. 'America Keeps on Trucking.' National Journal. March 23, 2002 77. Ibid 78. United Nations. 'World Population Prospects, The 2000 Revision.' Volume 1: Comprehensive Tables. New York, 2001 79. Morse, Edward L. and James Richard. 'The Battle for Energy Dominance.' Foreign Affairs. MarchApril 2002 80. Ibid 81. Ibid 82. Woolsey, R. James. 'Spiking the Oil Weapon.' Wall Street Journal. September 19, 2002, p. A16; and Morse, p. 16 83. Dickey, Christopher. 'The Once and Future Petro Kings.' Newsweek. April 8 15, 2002, p. 40 84. Schneider 85. Hebert, H. Josef. 'Senate Rejects Tough New Automobile Fuel Economy Standards.' Associated Press. March 13, 2002 86. Lovins, A. 'Old Problems, New Solutions.' World Link. JulyAugust 2002 87. Ibid 88. Woolsey, p. A16 89. Lacayo, Richard. 'Buildings that Breathe: The Best of the New Architecture Uses Nature Instead of Fighting It.' Time. August 26, 2002, Vol.160, No.9, p. A36 90. 'Fuel Cell Industry Is on the Verge of Commercial Ignition.' Manufacturing News. July 16, 2002, p. 9 91. 'War Proponents, Opponents Lobby to Influence FY-04 Budget.' Inside the Pentagon. January 30, 2003, Vol.19, No.5.
CHAPTER 5.
1. Dickey, Christopher and Adam Rogers, et al. 'Smoke and Mirrors: The World Reacted in Outrage when President Bush Last Summer Spurned the Kyoto Treaty to Cut Emissions. His New Plan Won't Make Him Any Friends Either.' Newsweek International Atlantic Edition. February 25, 2002 2. Pianin, Eric. 'U.S. Aims to Pull Out of Warming Treaty; 'No Interest' in Implementing Kyoto Pact, Whitman Says.' Washington Post. March 28, 2001 3. 'President Bush Discusses Global Climate Change.' June 11, 2001, www.white-house.govnewsreleases2001 0620010611 -2.html 4. Christie, Michael. 'Outrage as U.S. Dumps Kyoto.' Daily Telegraph. March 31, 2001 5. 'A Dirty Business.' The Guardian. March 30, 2001 6. Pianin, Eric. 'EPA Chief lobbied on warming before Bush's emission shift; memo details Whitman's plea for presidential commitment.' Washington Post. March 27, 2001, p. A7 7- Christianson, p. 168-169; and Molina, Mario J. and F.S. Rowland. 'Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom Catalysed Destruction of Ozone.' Nature, 249. June 28, 1974, p. 810-812 8. Christianson, Gale. Greenhouse: The 200-Year Story of Global Warming. New York: Penguin Books, 2000. p. 169 9. Farman, J. C, B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin. 'Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal C02N02 Interaction.' Nature. 1985, Vol.315, p. 207-210 10. 'Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: Update 1983.' National Academy Press. Washington, DC. 1984 11. Christianson, p. 194 12. Ibid., p. 195 13. Houlder, Vanessa, and Clive Cookson. 'Goodbye Hole in the Sky.' Financial Times. September 21-22, 2002 14. For an account of the life and work of Fourier, See Chapter 1, 'The Guillotine and the Bell Jar,' in Christianson, op. cit., p. 3-12 15. Christianson, p. 113 16. Callendar, G.S. 'The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and Its Influence on Temperature.' Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1938 17. Ibid., p. 155- 18. Ibid., p. 167 19. Gelbspan, Ross. The Heat Is On: The Climate Crisis, the Cover-up, the Prescription. Boston: Perseus Publishing, 1998, p. 136-139 20. Sarewitz, Daniel, and Roger Pielke Jr. 'Breaking the Global-Warming Gridlock.' Atlantic Monthly. July 2000 21. Schneider, Stephen. 'Earth Systems Engineering and Management.' Nature. January 18,2001 22. Christianson, p. 171 23. Kellogg, William, and Margaret Mead. The Atmosphere: Endangered and Endangering. Castle House Publications, 1977 24. Gelbspan, p. 139 25. Christianson, p. 216 26. Ibid., p. 218 27. 'International Environmental Conference Urges Tax on Fuels.' Reuters News. July 1, 1988 28. Christianson, p. 197 29. Christianson, p. 196 30. Commentary by Richard Lindzen. Wall Street Journal. June 11, 2001 31. Houghton, J. T, G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums, eds. Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: Report of Working Group I. London: Cambridge University Press, UK. 1990 32. Christianson, p. 176-177 33. Ibid., p. 180 34. Ibid., p. 178 35. Charvolin, Florian. '1970: L'annee cle pour la definition de l'environnement en France.' Revue d'Histoire du CNRS. May 2001, No.4 36. Seib, Gerald F. 'He's Against Acid Rain; He's Also the Enemy, Say Many Environmentalists; He's John Sununu.' Wall Street Journal. March 2, 1990 37. Nelson, Daniel. 'The Behind-the-Scenes Battles in the Lead-Up to 1992's Massive Environment Conference in Rio.' Guardian. March 29, 1991 38. Mathews, Jessica. 'Gorilla in the Greenhouse.' Washington Post. July 25, 1991 39. Gutfeld, Rose. 'Earth Summit Has Put Bush on the Spot: Issue Is Whether to Attend Meeting in Brazil.' Wall Street Journal. April 7, 1992 40. Weisskopt, Michael. 'Germans Play Lead on Rio's Stage; With U.S. Sidelined, Europeans Take Initiative on Environment.' Washington Post. June 13, 1992; and De-vroy, Ann. 'Bush Lashes Out at Critics; President Praises Results of Troubled Trip. ' Washington Post. June 14, 1992 41. 'A Greener Bush.' The Economist. February 15, 2003 42. Gore, Albert. Earth in the Balance. New York: Plume Books, 1993 43. Combined News Services. 'Gingrich Flashes His 'Green' Card, But Is Color Faded?' Salt Lake Tribune. February 17, 1995, p. Al 44. Rep. Jim Hansen's letter to his Utah constituents. December 8, 1994 45. Don Young's comment to the Anchorage Daily News, The Spokesman Review. December 18, 1996 46. Don Young's comment to Alaska Public Radio in August 1996. Salt Lake Tribune. December 1, 1996 47. Congressional Record, Government Press Releases by Federal Document Clearing House. January 31, 1996 48. Gelbspan, pp. 1-3 49. 'Scientist Reports Cracking of Antarctic Ice Shelf.' Global Warming Network Online Today. March 28, 1995 50. Gelbspan, p. 15 51. 'IPCC Second Assesment Report: Climate Change 1995.'
52. Szamosszegi, Andrew Z, Lawrence Chimerine, and Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr. The Global Climate Debate: Keeping the Economy Warm and the Planet Cool. Study by the Economic Strategy Institute and The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. September 1997. p. 14 53. Gelbspan, p. 4 54. Christianson, p. 256 55. Watson, Traci. 'Global Warming Treaty Hanging in Thin Air.' USA Today. December 1, 1997, p. 6A 56. Hall, Mimi. 'Kyoto-bound Gore Accepts Political Risks in Making Trip. ' USA Today. December 2, 1997, p. 8A 57. Christianson, pp. 266-267 58. Thoning, Margo. Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change Policy and U.S. Economic Growth. American Council for Capital Formation (ACCF), Center for Policy Research, Special Reports. October 1998.
CHAPTER 6.
1. 'The Problem of Landmine-History.' Canadian Landmine Foundation, www. canadianlandmine.orglandmineProb_History.cfm 2. Fehribach, Bob. 'Using landmines offers no benefits to U.S. military.' Lansing State Journal. January 14, 2003 3. Wheat, Andrew. 'Exporting Repression.' Multinational Monitor. January 1995 4. 'Ban Landmines Campaign: International Campaign to Ban Landmines Condemns Clinton Administration Landmine Policy.' Statement by International Campaign to Ban Landmines. September 1, 1996 5. Dunne, Nancy. 'Clinton to work for an end to land mines.' Financial Times. May 17, 1996 6. Turner, Craig. 'Canada will Offer Treaty on Landmines by Next Year.' Los Angeles Times. October 6, 1996 7. Remarks by President Clinton on landmines, The White House. September 17, 1997 8. Ibid 9. Open letter to President Clinton, published in the New York Times. April 3, 1996.
10. Remarks by President Clinton on landmines, The White House. September 17, 1997 11. Stewart, John S. 'Survivors Protest Refusal to Sign Land-Mine Treaty.' Rocky Mountain News. March 2, 1999 12. Calmes, Jackie. 'Land Mines Treaty Draws Skepticism.' Wall Street Journal. August 2, 2001, p. Al 13. 'Veterans Urge Bush to Sign Land Mine Treaty.' Associated Press. February 26, 2002 14. Kellerhals, Merle D, Jr. 'UN Small Arms Conference a Success, U.S. Official Says: Action plan focuses on illicit arms trafficking.' August 20, 2001; http:usinfo.state.govtopicalpolarmsstories01082001 .htm 15. Peck, Don. 'The Gun Trade.' Atlantic Monthly. December 2002, Vol.290, No.5 16. Kellerhals; and 'Small Arms in Failed States: A Deadly Combination.' Center for Defense Information, 1999 17. Laurance, Ed. Small Arms Survey 2002. New York: Oxford University Press, September 2002, p. 206 18. Bolton, John R, Undersecretary for Arms Control and International Security Plenary Address to the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons. New York. July 9, 2001 19. Ibid 20. Linzer, Dafina. 'Small Arms Conference Ends in Victory for U.S.' Associated Press. July 21, 2001 21. Raum, Tom. 'Arms treaty expires today; Many mourn U.S. withdrawal from 1972 ABM agreement.' The Associated Press. June 13, 2002 22. Sergeyev, Marshal. 'Russian Top Brass Develops Response in Case U.S. Drops out of ABM Treaty.' Daily News Bulletin. December 26, 2000 23. Raum 24. 'World: Americas U.S. Senate rejects test ban treaty.' BBC News. October 14, 1999; http:news.bbc.co.Uklhiworldamericas474220.stm 25. Nitze, Paul H. 'A Threat Mostly to Ourselves.' New York Times. October 28, 1999, p. 31, col.2 26. 'Analysis of Voter Attitudes Toward the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.' Pollsters Mellman Group, Inc. and Wirthlin Worldwide. June 29, 1999.
27- Deutch, John, Henry Kissinger, and Brent Scowcroft. 'Test-Ban Treaty: Let's Wait Awhile.' The Washington Post. October 6, 1999 28. Congressional Record-106th Congress. October 13, 1999, p. S12549 29. 'Report: U.S. used nerve gas against defectors in Vietnam.' Associated Press Newswires. June 8, 1998 30. Nalder, Eric. 'An aging cache of nerve gas-U.S. plan to burn huge stores of outdated chemical munitions in Oregon has its risks.' The Seattle Times. January 17, 1991, p. Al 31. Daschle, Thomas. 'S. EXEC. RES. 75, Resolution of Approval of U.S. Ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention.' Government Press Releases by Federal Document Clearing House. April 22, 1997 32. Ibid 33. Edwards, Rob. 'War with tears.' New Scientist. December 16, 2000, p. 4 34. 'US gives up talks on germ warfare.' Yorkshire Post. July 26, 2001, p. 12 35. Higgins, G. Alexander. 'US Rejects Anti-Germ Warfare Accord.' Associated Press Online. July 25, 2001 36. Brugger, Seth. 'Chemical weapons convention chief removed at U.S. initiative.' Arms Control Today. May 1, 2002 37. 'Toxic Diplomacy-US Unilateralism Claims Another Victim.' Guardian. April 24, 2002, p. 17 38. 'Nothing Gained by America's Global Tantrum.' Canberra Times. July 21, 1998, P9 39. Schmitt, Michael N. 'Into uncharted water: The international criminal court.' Naval War College Review. January 1, 2000 40. Neuffer, Elizabeth A. 'US to Back Out of World Court Plan Envoy: Bush Team May 'Unsign' Treaty.' Boston Globe. March 29, 2002, p. A22 41. Gurdon, Hugo. 'The U.S. Should Unsign Kyoto.' Wall Street Journal Europe. October 11, 2002, p. A6 42. Meyerstein, Ariel. 'Security Council Grants US 12-month Immunity from International Court.' July 23, 2002; www.crimesofwar.orgprintonnewsiccimunity-print.html 43. 'U.S. Military Spending, 1945-1996.' Center for Defense Information, www.cdi.orgissuesmilspend.html 44. '2001-2002 Military Almanac.'Center for Defense Information, www.cdi.org productsalmanac0102.pdf 45. Leebaert, Derek. The Fifty Year Wound: The True Price of Americas Cold War Victory. New York: Little Brown and Co, 2002, p. 251 46. Mintz, John. 'U.S. Acts to Thwart Missile Threat Against Airliners.' Washington Post. January 15, 2003, p. Al 47. Johnson, Chalmers. Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000, p. 90 48. Department of State Bureau of Verification and Compliance. 'World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1999-2000.' October 2001; www.state.govrpa prsps200317447.htm 49. Stylinski, Andrezej. 'Poland to Buy Lockheed Jets; U.S.-Backed Loan Aided Decision.' Associated Press. December 28, 2002 50. 'Japan Tries to Rein in Runaway Cost of FSX Fighter.' Defense News. July 24, 1995 51. Tarnoff, Curt and Larry Nowels. 'Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy.' Congressional Research Service Report. Updated April 6, 2001, p. 23; and 'Foreign Military Sales, Foreign Military Construction Sales and Military Assistance Facts.' Defense Security Cooperation Agency Facts Book, September 26, 2002; www.dsca.osd.milprogramsComptroller2001_FACTSdefault.htm 52. Ibid., p. 12 53. Ibid., p. 18 54. Bite, Vita. 'LJN System Funding: Congressional Issues.' Congressional Research Service. January 8, 2003, p. 5 55. Recer, Paul. 'Young Americans Flunk Geography, According to National Geographic Quiz Survey.' Associated Press Newswire. November 21, 2002 56. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 'The Eagle Has Crash Landed.' Foreign Policy. JulyAugust 2002, p. 60.
CHAPTER 7.
1. Kornblut, Anne E. 'In Seoul, Bush Tries to Assuage Those Wary of His Intent on North Korea.' Boston Globe. February 20, 2002 2. Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. New York: Henry Holt, 1921 3. Wilson, Woodrow. War Messages, 65th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Document No.5, Serial No.7264, Washington, DC, 1917; p. 3-8, passim 4. McDougall, Walter. Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1997, p. 163; and Thomas G. Patterson and Dennis Merrill, Major Problems in American Foreign Relations. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1999, p. 267-300 5. McDougall, 169 6. Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1977, p. 196-200 7. McDougall, p. 168; and Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 143 8. McDougall, p. 164.; and James P. Warburg, Faith, Purpose, and Power: A Plea for a Positive Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Co, 1950 9. Kwitny, Jonathan. Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World. New York: St. Martins Press, 1984, p. 273 10. Ibid 11. Mannion, Jim. 'No reduction in US forces in Asia even if Korea reunites: Cohen.' Agence France Press. April 6, 1997 12. Kwitney, p. 278-283 13. Leebaert, Derek. The Fifty Year Wound: The True Price of America's Cold War Victory. New York: Little Brown and Co, 2002, p. 329 14. Ibid., p. 328-329 15. Ibid, p. 330 16. Sipress, Alan. 'Indonesians Begin to See Conspiracy as Home Grown.' Washington Post. January 14, 2003, p. A14 17. Leebaert, p. 158 18. Kwitny, p. 158 19. Leebaert, p. 407 20. Ibid, p. 408, Note 67 21. Ibid, p. 484 22. Fisk, Robert. 'Did Saddam's Army Test Poison Gas on Missing 5000?' Independent. December 13, 2002, p. 15 23. Financial Times. February 23, 1983, cited in Mark Pythian's Arming Iraq: How the US & Britain Secretly Built Saddam's War Machine. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997 24. Dobbs, Michael. 'U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup. ' Washington Post. December 30, 2002, p. Al; Financial Times article February 23, 1983, cited in Pythian's (see previous note); and Bruce W. Jentleson, With Friends Like These: Reagan, Bush, and Saddam, 1982-1990. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994, p. 52 25. Dobbs, p. Al 26. Windrem, Robert. 'Rumsfeld Key Player in Iraq Policy Shift.' NBC News. August 18, 2002; wwwjnsnbc.com 27. Mackay, Neil, and Felicity Arbuthnot. 'How Did Iraq Get Its Weapons: We Sold Them.' Sunday Herald. September 8, 2001, p. 1 28. Auerbach, Stuart. '$1.5 Billion in U.S. Sales to Iraq: Technology Products Approved up to Day Before Invasion.' Washington Post. March 11, 1991, p. Al; and Hen-ery Weinstein and William C. Rempel, 'Iraq Arms: Big Help from U.S. Technology was Sold with Approval and Encouragement from the Commerce Department but Often over Defense Officials' Objections.' Los Angeles Times. February 13, 1991, p. 1 29. Dobbs, p. Al 30. Jentleson 31. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Hearings, 101st Congress, 1st Session, March 1, 1989, p. 27-45 32. Committee on Government Operations, House, 'Strengthening Export Licensing System.' July 2, 1991, Paragraph 10 33. Dobbs, p. Al 34. Auerbach 35. 'MUI Asks Indonesian Moslems to Pray for Iraqi People,' LKBN Antara, February 11, 2003; and 'Iran Judiciary Chief Says Stoning No Longer Handed Down,' Agence France Presse, February 4, 2003.
CHAPTER 8.
1. Harper, Jennifer. 'Trouble for Ted Turner's CNN.' The Washington Times, June 21, 2002 2. Press release, 'The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jerusalem,' Bishop Dr. Munib A. Younan. April 16,2002 3. 'Friendly Fire: Why Palestine Divides Europe and America.' The Economist. April 20, 2002, p. 9 4. Bennet, James. 'Sharon Says Europe Is Biased in Favor of the Palestinians.' New York Times. January 20, 2003, p. A6 5. Toameh, Khaled Abu And Jerusalem Post staff. 'Poll: 60% of Israelis Say They Are Fighting For Their Survival.' Jerusalem Post. October 4, 2002 6. Devi, Sharmila. 'Intifada Inflicts Acute Pain on Israelis.' Financial Times. October 24, 2002, p. 9 7. 'West Bank Settlements Swallow All Before Them.' The Economist. October 31, 2002 8. Moore, Molly. 'On Remote Hilltops, Israelis Broaden Settlements.' Washington Post. December 8, 2002, p. Al 9. Morris, Harvey. 'Israel Faces 'Demographic Time Bomb.'' Financial Times. June 14, 2002, p. 5 10. Halpern, Orly. 'An Education in Defiance.' Ha'aretz. October 4, 2002 11. Bishara, Marwan. 'Israel's Pass Laws Will Wreck Peace Hopes; Apartheid in the Territories.' International Herald Tribune. May 22, 2002, p. 6 12. 'Question of the Violation of Human Rights in the Occupied Arab Territories, Including Palestine.' UN Human Rights Commission. March 2001 13. Gorenberg, Gershom. 'The Thin Green Line.' Mother Jones. SeptemberOctober 2002, p. 50 14. Christison, Kathleen. Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999, p. 305; this book was of great help to me in writing this chapter, and provided an excellent analysis of U.S. policy in the Israeli-Palestinian dispute 15. Christison, p. 22 16. 'Truth from Palestine' by Ahad Ha'am, quoted in Tom Segev. One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate. New York: Henry Holt and Company (An Owl Book) p. 104, 537; and Avineri, Shlomo, The Making of Modern Zionism: Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. New York: Basic Books, 1981, p. 123 17. Christison, p. 31 18. Speech to U.S. Senate, July 10, 1919 19. Various estimates put the number of 1948 Palestinian refugees between 700,000 and 1 million; see Appendix 4 of the 'General Progress Report and supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Committee for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950' of October 23, 1950, which estimates the number at 711,000. (http:domino.un.orgunispal.nsf); see also Abu-Lughod, Janet 'The Demographic Transformation of Palestine,' in Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (ed.), The Transformation of Palestine. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1971 (p. 139-161), where the estimate is 780,000 20. Pear, Robert, with Richard L. Berke. 'Pro-Israel Group Exerts Quiet Might as it Rallies Supporters in Congress.' New York Times. July 7, 1987, p. A8 21. Goldstein, Avram. 'Christian Coalition Rallies for Israel in Comeback Bid.' Washington Post. October 12, 2002, p. Bl 22. Findley, Paul. 'Liberating America from Israel.' Media Monitors Network. September 11,2002 23. Massing, Michael. 'Deal Brakers.' American Prospect. March 11, 2002 24. Vlahos, Kelley Beaucar. 'Pro-Israeli Lobby a Force to Be Reckoned With.' FoxNews.com. May 28, 2002 25. Engel, Matthew. 'Meet the New Zionists.' Guardian. October 28, 2002, p. 2 26. Hardball. MSNBC May 1, 2002 27. Morris, Benny. 'Camp David and After, an Interview with Ehud Barak.' New York Review of Books. June 13, 2002 28. Malley, Robert and Hussein Agha. 'Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors.' New York Review of Books. August 9, 2001 29. Israeli-Palestinian Joint Statement. January 27, 2001 30. Final Report of the Sharm El-Sheikh Fact Finding Committee (Mitchell Report), April 20, 2001 31. Xinhua's China Economic Information Service. 'Sino-U.S. Trade Imbalance Should Be Solved Through Development.' December 23, 2002 32. Mufson, Steven and Dana Milbank. 'Taiwan to Get Variety of Arms; But U.S. Witholds Aegis Radar that China Strongly Opposed.' Washington Post. April 24, 2001, p. Al 33. Mufson, Steven. 'President Pledges Defense of Taiwan; Policy Unchanged, White House Says.' Washington Post. April 26, 2001, p. Al 34. White, Theodore. In Search of History. New York: Harper Row, 1978 35. Tuchman, Barbara. Stillwell and the American Experience in China. New York: Grove Press, 1971, p. 188 36. White, p. 134 37. White, p. 208.
CHAPTER 9.
1. Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Avon, 1993 2. Friedman, Thomas. The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000, p. 99 3. Population Action International Fact Sheet. 'Why Population Matters to Natural Resources'; www.populationaction.orgresourcesfactsheetsfactsheet_13.htm 4. 1999 figures from 'The EU's Relations with the United States of America'; Eu-ropa, www.europa.eu.intcommexternal_relationsusintroindex.htm 5. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. 'What the World Thinks in 2002'; http:people-press.orgreportsfilesreport 165.pdf 6. Daalder, Ivo and Philip Gordon. 'Euro Trashing.' Washington Post. May 29, 2002, p. A17 7. Kagan, Robert. Of Paradise and Power. New York: Knopf, 2003, p. 3 8. Moisi, Dominique. 'Real Crisis over the Atlantic.' Foreign Affairs. JulyAugust 2001, p. 152 9. O'Sullivan, Jonathan. 'Why the U.S. Should Beware of the E.U.' National Review. August 6, 2001 10. Fukuyama. 'The West May Be Cracking Europe and America.' International Herald Tribune. August 9, 2002, p. 4 11. Mandel, Michael J. 'The Rich Get Richer, and That's O.K.' Business Week. August 26, 2002, p. 88 12. 'Statistical Illusions.' The Economist. November 8, 2001 13. Barcellan, Roberto. 'Gross Domestic Product 2001.' Statistics in Focus: Economy and Finance; Theme 2-532002, November 11, 2002, Chart T5; and The Economic Report of the President, February 2003, p. 60 14. The E.U.'s 1990-1999 trade balance registered an average annual deficit of $2.63 billion (at current price) See Eurostat Yearbook 2002 15. Davenport-Hines, Richard. The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002, p. 443 16. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. 'What the World Thinks in 2002,' p. 53 17. Quoted by Rifkin, David. 'Europe in the Balance.' Policy Review. June 1, 2001, pp. 41-53 18. Reid, T.R. 'EU Leaders Convene to Design Global Superpower.' Washington Post. December 16, 2001, p. 35 19. Casey, Lee A. and David B. Rivkin. 'The Alarmingly Undemocratic Drift of the European Union.' Policy Review. June 1, 2001, p. 41 53 20. Ibid 21. Burke, Al. 'A Doubtful Referendum.' Nordic News Network. January 1, 2001 22. Smith, Dan. 'Europe's Peace Building Wont.' Journal of International Affairs. Spring 2002, p. 41 23. Speech by Prime Minister Tony Blair to the Polish Stock Exchange, October 6, 2000 24. Sciolino, Elaine. 'European Union Acts to Admit 10 Nations.' New York Times. December 14, 2002, p. A7 25. Solana, Javier. 'The Transatlantic Rift.' Harvard International Review. January 1, 2003, Vol.24, No.4, p. 62 26. Richburg, Keith. 'Europe, U.S. Diverging on Key Policy Approaches.' Washington Post. March 4, 2002, p. A13 27. Wallace, William. 'Europe, the Necessary Partner.' Foreign Affairs. MayJune, 2001, Vol.80, No.3, p. 16-34 28. Quoted in Wawro, Geoffrey. 'U.S. Strategists Should Welcome the 'Euro Army.'' Los Angeles Times. December 31, 2000, p. M5 29. Ibid 30. Brzezinski, Zbigniew. 'Living with a New Europe.' National Interest. Summer 2000, p. 18 31. O'Sullivan, Jonathan. 'The Curse of Euro-Nationalism.' National Review. August 6, 2001, p. 33-36 32. Ibid 33. Kagan, Robert. 'Power and Weakness.' Policy Review. JuneJuly 2002, No.l 13 34. Department of Defense, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports. 'DOD Top 100 Companies and Category of Procurement Fiscal Year 2002'; www.dior.whs.milpeidhomeprocstatprocstat.htm 35. Latham, Andrew. 'China in the Contemporary American Geopolitical Imagination.' Asian Affairs. Fall 2001, Vol.28, No.3, p. 140 36. 'Agreed Framework Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.' Geneva, Switzerland, October 21, 1994, provision 1.3 37. Ibid., provision II 38. Ibid, provision III. 1 39. Johnson, Chalmers. 'The 1955 System and the American Connection: A Bibliographic Introduction.' Japan Policy Research Institute. Working Paper N11, July 1995 40. Schaller, Michael. 'America's Favorite War Criminal: Kishi Nobusuke and the Transformation of U.S.-Japan Relations.' Japan Policy Research Institute. Working Paper N11, July 1996 41. Nakao, Annie. 'Battle for History.' San Francisco Chronicle. April 28, 2002, p. A3 42. Pilling, David. 'Japan Calls for Fewer U.S. Troops on Okinawa.' Financial Times. February 3, 2003 43. International Trade Administration, U.S. Foreign Trade Highlights; 'Top 50 Deficit Countries in U.S. Trade in 2001.' www.ita.doc.govtdindustryoteausfthag-gregateH01T13.html 44. What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs. Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy, December 2001, p. 3, Table 1 45. Davenport-Hines, Richard. The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002, p. 15 46. Ibid, p. 428.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
I could not have written this book without the help of the hundreds of people who kindly met with me and shared their insights and opinions. The list is too long to mention each person here, but I wish to thank all who shared their time and thoughts in interviews and discussions.
A number of people worked long and tirelessly in researching and helping to organize the manuscript. In particular, I am deeply indebted to Ul-rika 'Riki' Swanson, who oversaw and coordinated the full research effort and intern army. I also want to thank Franck Journoud, who directed much of the European-related research, and Hiromi Murakami, who directed much of the Asia research; Sam McCoy, who put in many hours of study on the Middle East, along with Rachel Strein. Gladys Scott and Sonjai Harrison provided essential administrative support, and Lori Harmon always had the right contact information at the right time. Special thanks are also due to Monica 'Queen' Bridgewater who kept the office humming in the face of extraordinary demands. To my indefatigable interns in the Pirate Cove: Ben Barden, Scott Friedman, Trisha Galowin, Sachiko Gause, Richard Khoe, Bory Kim, Bakur Kvashilava, Joshua Lagos, James Morrow, Melis Ozdogan, Hyo Eun Park, Tejal Patel, Eric Rahn, Kartik Ramachandran, Ryan Singer, Kevin Su, Ka-Ki Tse, James Tudor, and Stephanie Wolfinbarger...I also must express my gratitude.
Ambassador Chas Freeman of Projects International was of immense help in arranging interviews in China and the Middle East, and has long been a valued advisor, friend, and guide. Professor Chalmers Johnson has also been a mentor and friend, and I owe him a great intellectual debt. David Young and Arnie Nachmanoflf of Oxford Analytica provided invaluable insights, assistance in meeting with key people, and both read and critiqued parts of the manuscript. My old colleague and friend Bob Perkins read the whole manuscript and provided valuable suggestions, as did Pat Malloy of the U.S. China Council. Jean Abi-Nader of the Arab American Institute was of immense help in arranging meetings for me in Jordan and on the West Bank. I am also grateful for the assistance of Roy Peled and David Levy, who helped me in making key contacts in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. Stephen Cohen of the Center for Middle East Peace was of great assistance with his insights into Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. New York Times columnist Tom Friedman has been an important guide to the Middle East, as well as to globalization. I am deeply indebted to Selig Harrison for his assistance in arranging meetings in Korea and for providing invaluable background information on the Korean situation. I would also like to thank Professor Moon Chung-In of Yonsei University and Kim Chin-hyun for their help in Korea. Former Xerox CEO Paul Allaire and Xerox Vice President Mike Farren are longtime friends who have been very helpful in suggesting and helping to arrange meetings with leading European thinkers and policymakers. I also want to thank Etienne 'Stevie' Davignon of Societe Generale de Belgique for his assistance in that regard. EU Ambassador to Washington Guenther Burghardt provided important insights and guided me to others with important views as well. Ambassadors Juan Jose Bremer of Mexico and Dato' Ghazzali Sheikh Abdul Khalid of Malaysia were immensely helpful in providing insights into their countries and also in arranging for meetings with key thinkers, business leaders, and policy makers. Swiss Ambassador to the UN Jeno Staehelin kindly arranged a dinner for me with his UN colleagues. President of Grupo Coraza Julio Millan helped me find and meet key people in Mexico as well as provided logistical support. In Malaysia, I also need to thank Dato' Mohamed Jawhar bin Hassan of the Center for Strategic and International Studies for his valuable insights and introductions to other thinkers. In Indonesia, my old friend Jusuf Wanandi of CSIS not only arranged my schedule, but also hosted a dinnerseminar with most of Indonesia's leading thinkers and key political leaders. I am also grateful to Khalid Shikaki of the Brookings Institute for his assistance in Palestine and to Minister Counselor Jean-Francois Boittin of the French Embassy in Washington for his advice and assistance with regard to Europe. Deputy Chief of Mission to the American mission to the EU Jim Foster kindly hosted a dinner in Brussels and assisted in numerous helpful ways. Bruce Stokes of the Council on Foreign Relations was most helpful in advising on public opinion abroad. Ira Shapiro provided his usual advice and read key parts of the manuscript. Bob Lees of Bearing Point and Steve Olson of the Pacific Basin Economic Council worked tirelessly to suggest people to see in Asia and made valuable suggestions regarding issues. Singapore Ambassador to Washington Heung Chee Chan was most helpful as a guide to Asian thinking as well as in arranging meetings in Southeast Asia. I am also grateful to Jacqueline Willis, chief of the Hong Kong mission to Washington, and Chris Jackson of the Hong Kong mission in Brussels for their insights and help. In China, Professor Yuan Ming and her colleague Fan Shiming of Beijing University were of invaluable assistance in arranging meetings and providing insights into developments in China. My old friend Fan Gang of China's National Economic Research Institute was his usual helpful self. At the Chinese embassy in Washington, Counselor Yue Xiaoyong was extremely helpful in supporting my efforts in China. My old friend and guide to Japan and Sankei newspaper editor-at-large Komori Yoshihisa, and his colleague Ya-mamoto Hideya, were very helpful in suggesting people to see in Japan and China. Also, Korean FTC Chairman Lee Nam-Kee, and his colleague Shin Ho-hyun, were extremely helpful, as was Winky So of the Hong Kong Mission's Economic and Trade office in Washington. I am grateful to Joerg Wolff of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Beijing for his support with meetings and dinners, and I would also like to thank Mr. and Mrs. Dean Ho for hosting dinner and helping with arrangements in Shanghai. I am grateful as well to Lu Zhongwei, President of the China Institute of International Relations who kindly hosted dinner with a number of researchers and writers on U.S.-China relations. I would like to thank Ken Hsu of Ford Motor Company in China who provided not only dinner but also many valuable insights. In addition, my longtime friend and Global Sources CEO Merle Hinrichs was his usual helpful self in Hong Kong; and I would like to thank Japanese Diet and Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee member Ohta Masahide for his suggestions and for hosting a very helpful dinner in Tokyo. And, finally, I'd like to thank John Larkin, bureau chief of the Far Eastern Economic Review, Seoul. Bill Krist of the Woodrow Wilson Center provided valuable assistance on environmental issues.
I was blessed by having a great editor in Bill Frucht, who is creative, persistent, and sympathetic, and who has become a good friend. I must also thank my writing mentor, Phoebe Hoss, from whom I have learned so much.
While all these people gave generously of their time and of their views and information, the responsibility for the book and its statements is entirely my own.
Last, but far from least, I must thank my muse, advisor, critic, editor, researcher, tea brewer, constant companion, best friend, and wife Carol Ann Prestowitz.