Roach, Hannah Benner. "Taxables in the City of Philadelphia, 1756." Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine 22 (1961-62).
---. "Taxables in Chestnut, Walnut, and Lower Delaware Wards." Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine 22 (1961-62).
Ross, J. E., ed. Radical Adventurer: The Diaries of Robert Morris, 1772-1774. Bath: Adams & Dart, 1971.
Rowe, G. S. "Judicial Tyrant and Vox Populi." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 118 (1993).
Rush, Benjamin. A Dissertation on the Spasmodic Asthma of Children in a Letter to Dr. Miller. London: T. Gilhool, 1770.
Salter, Henry Hyde, M.D., FRS. ON Asthmas, Its Pathology and Treatment. London: John Churchill, 1860.
Salvucci, Linda. "Merchants and Diplomats: Philadelphia's Early Trade with Cuba." Historical Society of Pennsylvania website.
Sandwich, John Montague, 4th Earl. The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1777-1782. Editors. G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owen. London: Navy Records Society, 1932-38.
Scharf, J. Thomas, and Thompson Westcott, eds. The History of Philadelphia. Vols. 1-2. Philadelphia: Everts & Co., 1884.
Scheina, Robert L. "A Matter of Definition: A New Jersey Navy, 177-1783." American Neptune 39 (July 1979): 209-217.
Schermerhorn, Frank E. American and French Flags of the Revolution, 1775-1783. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution, 1948.
Schiff, Stacy. A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. New York: Henry Holt, 2005.
Scudeman, Sir Charles, M.D., FRS. Cases Illustrative of the Efficiency of Various Medicines Administered by Inhalation . . . In Asthma. London: Longman, Reeves, Overe Brown and Green, 1830.
Seilhamer, George O., Esq. "Old Mother Cumberland." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 24 (1900).
Serle, Ambrose. The American Journal of Ambrose Serle, Secretary to Lord Howe, 1776-1778. Ed. Edward H. Tatum, Jr. San Marino: Huntington Library, 1940.
"Ship Registers for the Port of Philadelphia 1726-1775." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 28 (1904).
Smelser, Marshall. The Congress Founds the Navy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1959.
Smelser, Marshall, and Steven T. Preiss. "The Fleetless Nation." In American Secretaries of the Navy. Vol. 1. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1980.
Smith, Charles R. Marines in the Revolution: A History of the Continental Marines in the American Revolution, 1775-1783. Illus. Charles H. Waterhouse, USMCR. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, History and Museums Division, 1975.
Smith, Philip Chadwick Foster. The Empress of China. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Maritime Museum, 1984.
Somers, J. B., M.D. Life of Richard Somers, A Master Commandant in the U.S. Navy. Philadelphia: Collins, 1868.
State Papers and Publick Documents of the United States: from the Accession of George Washington to the Presidency, Exhibiting a Complete View of Our Foreign Relations Since that Time 1789-1796. Boston: T. H. Wait & Sons, 1815.
Steiner, Bernard. The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry. Cleveland: Burrows, 1907.
Stewart, Frank H., ed. Letters and Papers of Richard Somers. Reprinted from "The Constitution" April 8, 1942 to September 16, 1942. Gloucester County Historical Society.
Stout, Neil R. The Royal Navy in America, 1760-1775: A Study of Enforcement of British Colonial Policy in the Era of the American Revolution. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1973.
Symonds, Craig L. Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy. Cart. William J. Klipson. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
---. Navalists and Anti-Navalists: The Naval Policy Debate in the United State, 1785-1827. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1980.
Syrett, David. Shipping and the American War 1775-83: A Study of British Transport Organization. London: Athlone Press, 1970.
Taaffe, Stephen R. The Philadelphia Campaign, 1777-1778. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003.
Taillemite, Etienne. Archives de la Marine, Serie B. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1969.
Thomas, Evan. John Paul Jones. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.
Tinckom, Harry M. "The Revolutionary City, 17651800." In Russell Weigley, ed., Philadelphia: A 300 Year History. New York: Norton, 1982.
Tuchman, Barbara. The First Salute. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Tyler, David Bradley. The Bay and River Delaware: An Illustrated History. Cambridge, Md.: Cornell Maritime Press, 1955.
Urwin, Gregory J. The U.S. Cavalry: An Illustrated History. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983.
---. The U.S. Infantry: An Illustrated History. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988.
U.S. Naval History Division. The American Revolution, 1775-1783: An Atlas of 18th Century Maps and Charts: Theaters of Operations. Comp. W. Bart Greenwood. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972.
Van Powell, Noland. The American Navies of the Revolutionary War. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974.
Wagner, Frederick. Robert Morris: Audacious Patriot. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1973.
Warriner, Francis. Cruise of the United States Frigate Potomac: Around the World during the Years 1831-1834. New York: Leavitt, Lord, & Co., 1835.
Watson, John F. Annals of Philadelphia Peoples. Vols. 1-2. Philadelphia: Edwin Stuart, 1887.
Weigley, Russell, ed. Philadelphia: A 300 Year History. New York: Norton, 1982.
Westlake, Mark T. "Josiah Fox: Gentleman, Quaker, Shipbuilder." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 88 (1963).
Whipple, Addison B. C. To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines. New York: William Morrow, 1991.
Wilbur, C. Keith, M.D. Pirates and Patriots of the Revolution. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press, 1973.
---. Revolutionary Medicine 1700-1800. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press, 1973. Winch, Julie. A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Wolf, Stephanie Grauman. As Various as Their Land. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Wood, Virginia Steel. Live Oaking: Southern Timber for Tall Ships. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981.
Young, Eleanor. Robert Morris: Forgotten Patriot. New York: Macmillan, 1950.
Zacks, Richard. The Pirate Hunter. New York: Hyperion, 2002.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
ANYONE ATTEMPTING A BOOK ON the early American navy owes a debt to William Bell Clark, who spent most of his life championing early naval history and its heroes. He is the navy's Homer, and the best you can hope to do is stand on his shoulders. Fortunately, his prolific successors made themselves accessible. William Fowler at Northeastern University (and late of the Massachusetts Historical Society) gave a great interview and sent both documents and encouragement over the years. Craig Symonds, recently retired from the United States Naval Academy, had great suggestions regarding the Raleigh. At the Naval Historical Center, naval scholars E. Gordon Bowen-Hassell (retired) and Charles Brodine read portions of the manuscript and offered sound revisions. James Nelson, a skilled mariner and elegant storyteller, read the text and provided both literary and hands-on knowledge of square-rigged sailing and the wooden world. James Bradford of Texas A & M, the consummate authority on John Paul Jones, reviewed Jones's relationship with Barry. From the University of South Carolina, Michael Palmer shared his deep understanding of Benjamin Stoddert. These scholars' works on the navy and its figures are great reads and wonderful sources. This project was immeasurably helped by their assistance.
Original source material came from both sides of the Atlantic. Celestine Rafferty, County Wexford librarian and historian, provided insight and accuracy about Barry's family and eighteenth-century Ireland. From London, Roger E. Nixon combed the Admiralty archives on my behalf and sent me logs, journals, and newspaper reports that put flesh and bones on Barry's opponents in the Revolution. Douglas McCarthy of the National Maritime Museum turned up the portraits of Hamond and Vashon; he and Mathew Sheldon of the Royal Navy Museum were available for every question and request. In Paris, Jason Stump dug through French maritime archives.
Stateside, I received assistance from Bruce Gimelson of Garrison, New York, Thomas G. Lannon at the New York Public Library, Alycia Vivona at the FDR Library in Hyde Park, Gail E. Farr at the Philadelphia branch of the National Archives, Evelyn James at the Dauphin County Historical Society, Ann Hull at the Franklin County Historical Society, June Sheridan at the Atlantic County Historical Society, Barbara Price at the Gloucester County Historical Society, Roger Applegate at the Beaver County Historical Research and Landmarks Foundation, John Mills of Princeton Battlefield Park, Brian McCartin at the Thomas Paine National Historical Association, Ellen Poteet at the Clements Library of the University of Michigan, George Carpenter at Cold Spring Presbyterian Cemetery at Cold Spring, New Jersey, Kate Farley at the Georgia Historical Society, Nicholas Noyes at the Maine Historical Society, Connie Cooper of the Delaware Historical Society, Claudia Jew at the Mariner's Museum in Newport News, Virginia, John Anderies and Ann W. Upton at the Haverford College Library, Susan Drinan of the Philadelphia History Museum at Atwater Kent, Debbie Miller and Richard Tritt of the Cumberland County Historical Society, Bente Polites at the Falvey Memorial Library at Villanova University, Richard Fraser at the Philadelphia College of Physicians Library, Nicole Joniec at the Library Company of Philadelphia, Regina Rush at the University of Virginia Library, and Heather Joynes of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
It took some time to track down John Kessler's papers, thought to be anywhere from Massachusetts to Montana. They were found in a box by Jonathan Stayer of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in Harrisburg, who subsequently uncovered documents on James McCalmont. Frank Grizzard was instrumental in guiding me through George Washington's papers (and helped lay to rest an old Barry legend). Adam Kane at the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum discussed at length the construction and use of Revolutionary War barges. Donald Hagist, Jim Kochan, John Houlding, Don Graves, and Linnea Bass reviewed naval ordnance. At the eleventh hour, Kathie Ludwig of the David Library of the American Revolution discovered documents regarding William Austin that showed why Barry remained such a staunch friend. The search for what happened to James and Jude, Barry's two slaves, was ably assisted by George Nagle of the Afrolumens Project. I'm grateful to Walter Palmer for his time and knowledge on the subject of slavery in Philadelphia. Susan Klepp at Temple took every question I had about family life and a woman's lot in colonial times.
Regarding Barry's health issues, Laurence Todd and Paul Kopperman put me right next to Dr. Kendall in the Alliance cockpit, treating Barry's wounded shoulder. Carla Keirns very generously shared her knowledge of the suffering and treatment of asthmatics in Barry's day.
Quite a few institutions put up with numerous visits and questions over the past seven years. Lorraine Baratti and Ted O'Reilly were gracious hosts at the New-York Historical Society. Jim Cheevers, Don Leonard, and Dolly Pantelides were always helpful at the Preble Museum at the United States Naval Academy. I was made welcome at the Library of Congress by Virginia Wood, Bruce Kirby, and the late Mary Wolfskill. At the American Philosophical Society, J. J. Ahern and Valerie Lutz were generous with their time, reviewing Franklin's relationship with Barry and digging up Dr. Cutbush's amazing journal. Visits to Christ Church allowed me to become friends with Neil Ronk, Bruce Gill, Tish Byrne, Carol Smith, and Trish Troilo, and a climb up the bell tower for the best view of Philadelphia the eighteenth century could provide. At Independence Hall, Karie Diethorn, Karen Stevens, and the intrepid Andrea Ashby provided everything from early American documents to measuring the stairways, which helped envision Barry's escort service for McCalmont and Miley. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania is a treasure trove of knowledge and terrific professionals, Lee Arnold, Dan Rolph, and Rob Medford among them (and my thanks to Max Moeller). At the Independence Seaport Museum, where this project began, I received invaluable assistance from Matt Herbison, Bob Doordan, Craig Bruns, and Bill Ward.
At Valley Forge, Bill Troppman set the scene for Barry's visit to Washington's headquarters. The late gentleman Don Stokes took me on his boat through the watery graveyard of the ships the British burned (and that he helped rediscover) near Bordentown. Larry Helmick had as much fun as I did while Airman Nicholas C. Lyman took us through the USS Constitution from the keelson to the . . . well, they wouldn't let us go aloft (Larry's consummate knowledge of sailing, much better than my own, has also been a huge help). And the best way to see the Delaware through Barry's eyes is to travel upriver on New Jersey's tall ship, the schooner A. J. Meerwald, skippered by Jesse Briggs, and accompanied by his crew and his energetic wife, Meghan, whose Bayshore Discovery Project is nobly preserving the history and ecosystem of the Delaware Bay.
Indirect descendants of John Barry were enthusiastic and supportive, including John Barry Kelly and the Hepburn family: Austin Sr., Darcy, Doug, Marty, and especially Austin Jr., his wife Hannah, and their children, who were extremely kind, opening their home and hearts. From California, William Berret Kessler, Jr. was helpful in picking up John Kessler's story where the archives left off.
Fran O'Brien of the Philadelphia Port Authority provided an opportunity to produce a children's book on Barry for their reading program, which allowed me to work with my son Ted, an award-winning illustrator with global recognition for his art. My daughter Courtney-the real writer in the family-gave sound advice and assisted in typing the manuscript along with Carolyn Catona, Donna Thompson, and Delores McLaughlin. Russ Wylie, who must be related to Joshua from the amount of projects he takes on and completes, was instrumental in getting Barry's family papers microfilmed and later digitized. In Wildwood, J. F. Stocker, whose family has been in commercial boating and sightseeing at the Jersey shore for generations, provided charts and background on the coastal waters Barry knew so well. Author Jim Donovan offered suggestions and support during this undertaking. Author and adventurer Dean King's two books, A Sea of Words and Harbors and High Seas, were extremely beneficial.
From the second he expressed interest in this book, Bruce H. Franklin, Westholme's publisher, has matched my commitment about telling Barry's story with his own energy and drive. Trudi Gershenov's beautiful cover captures Barry's spirit perfectly. John Hubbard's excellent photography allowed several of the illustrations to appear in the book. Tracy Dungan laid out the battle diagrams and maps, and Noreen O'Connor-Abel edited the manuscript and answered many queries about grammar and style.
Michael Crawford, who now holds the baton first carried by William Bell Clark, took every question and put up with every visit to the Washington Navy Yard. He never failed to provide smooth sailing with the manuscript, sources, or ideas. Greg Urwin, of Temple University, is a highly regarded authority on military history whose passion is matched by his generosity. He read every word of the manuscript and referred me to several of the names listed above. His assistance was truly invaluable. He was referred to me by Jim Hilty, another renowned, lifelong scholar of American history who first endured my company when I studied under him at Temple. Thanks to the aging process, he has gone from being a mentor to a peer. In his low key, gentle way, he dared me to do this. Some professors never stop teaching.
Two women are responsible for your holding this book. Megan Fraser introduced me to the Barry-Hayes Papers at the Independence Seaport Museum, sending me down a path I had no idea was waiting for me. Now at UCLA, she has skills as a librarian and archivist that are second to none. I can never repay her for her kindness and friendship.
Finally, there's Cyd, the north star of our family. She read every word of this book, which has taxed her patience, her English major past, and her willingness to let every table in our home be covered with countless copies of letters, documents, logs, journals, and charts, and allowed a long departed sea captain to join the family. Thanks, Cyd. No man married better.