[2027] _The Mysteries of Mithra_ (Eng. tr.), p. 29.
[2028] 1 Cor. ii, 7; Mk. iv, 11 al.
[2029] Barth, _Religions of India_, p. 76 ff.; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 216 ff.; cf. Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 282 ff.
[2030] "Die Chinesen," in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_; R. K. Douglas, _Confucianism and Taouism_; De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_; cf. H. G.
Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_.
[2031] Stobaeus, _Eclogues_, i, 30.
[2032] Porphyry, _Vita Plotini_, cap. 3.
[2033] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, chap. xii f.; Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_; Barth, _Religions of India_; Oldenberg, _Buddha_.
[2034] The problem of life is stated to be how to get rid of desire, which is the source of all suffering; the Buddhist answer is that desire is eliminated by moral living, for which knowledge is necessary. So the Socratic school based virtue and happiness on knowledge. Cf. also the Biblical book of Proverbs.
[2035] It does not follow that every founder of a religion will establish a church; other things than the person of the founder, such as the nature of his teaching and the character of his social milieu, enter into the problem.
[2036] On current proposed reforms of Buddhism in Japan see Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_, p. 222 ff.
[2037] The two last of these functions ceased on the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (70 A.D.), the first remained.
[2038] Proselytes arose mostly from the general liberal tendency of the times (from about the second century B.C.
and on), sometimes from lower impulses, sometimes they were made by force. See articles in Cheyne, _Encyclopaedia Biblica_; Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_; and _Jewish Encyclopedia_.
[2039] They were virtually identified with the Jewish people. On the early form of voluntary devotion to a foreign deity see W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p.
75 ff.
[2040] -- 1115.
[2041] On attempts to discover forms of Christianity before Jesus see W. R. Smith, _Der vorchristliche Jesus_, and _Ecce Deus_; M. Friedlander, _Synagoge und Kirche_.
[2042] The two passages in the Gospels (Matt. xvi, 18; xviii, 17) in which the word "church" occurs appear clearly, on exegetical grounds, to be scribal insertions of the later period.
[2043] "Elder" and "apostle" are Jewish titles, and the reading of the Scriptures, prayer, and exhortation formed part of the synagogal service; see Schurer, _The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ_ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 52 ff., and article "Apostle" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_. Other offices arose in the church out of the peculiar conditions; the eucharistic meal appears to have been developed under non-Jewish influence.
[2044] So far has the idea of the civil character of the Church been carried that in some places the keeper of a licensed brothel has been required to be a member of the State Church.
[2045] Harnack, _Dogmengeschichte_; articles in Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopadie_, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_; Mansel, _The Gnostic Heresies_.
[2046] Cumont, _Textes et monuments_ and _The Mysteries of Mithra_.
[2047] _Metamorphoses_, chap. xi.
[2048] Cf. article "Isis" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.
[2049] Cf. A. G. Leonard, _Islam, her Moral and Spiritual Value_.
[2050] A. Muller, _Islam_, ii, 614 ff.; Coppee, _Conquest of Spain_; Dozy, _Histoire des musulmans en Espagne_; Stanley Lane-Poole, _Story of the Moors in Spain_.
[2051] Of these fraternities the largest and most powerful is the Senussi of North Africa, a splendidly organized body with a central administration clothed with absolute authority; see Depont and Coppolani, _Les confreries religieuses musulmanes_.
[2052] S. de Sacy, _Expose de la religion des Druses_; J.
Wortabet, _Researches into the Religions of Syria_; C. H.
Churchill, _Ten Years' Residence in Mt. Lebanon_.
[2053] Cf. Dr. Thomas Arnold's ideal, the identification of Church and State (A. P. Stanley, _Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold_).
[2054] Payne, _History of the New World called America_; Markham, _Rites and Laws of the Incas_; Prescott, _Conquest of Peru_, bk. i, chap. iii.
[2055] On India's fertility in the production of religions cf. Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 2 ff.
[2056] This organization was first called the "Brahma-Samaj"
(the Church of Brahma), later the "Adi-Samaj" (the First Church).
[2057] The Brahma-Samaj.
[2058] There are other theistic bodies in India. The Arya-Samaj (Aryan Church) derives its doctrines (monotheism and other) from the Veda (necessarily by a forced interpretation); it is a sort of protest against foreign (Christian) influence. See articles "Arya Samaj" and "Brahma Samaj" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[2059] Gobineau, _Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale_; R. G. Browne, _The Episode of the Bab_ and _The New History of the Bab_; article "Bab, Babis" in Hastings, op. cit.; article "Bahaism" in the _Nouveau Larousse, Supplement_; _Some Answered Questions_, translated by Laura C. Burney (exposition of the doctrine by the son of the Bahaist founder).
[2060] Babism is fairly well represented in Persia at the present day; see R. G. Browne.
[2061] Cf. articles in Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopadie_; McClintock and Strong, _Biblical Cyclopaedia_; _New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge_.
[2062] On the community founded by Pythagoras see the histories of philosophy; it appears to have embodied a suggestion of monastic life, but its origin is uncertain.
[2063] The Hebrew Nazirite vow, for example, was merely a consecration of a part of the body to the deity with the observance of old nomadic customs of food and dwellings.
[2064] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v. _Monks_.
[2065] Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_, chap. vi.
[2066] Cf. H. Weingarten, _Ursprung des Monchthums_, cited with approval by Meyer, _Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens_, p.
401; cf. Lehmann-Haupt, in Roscher's _Lexikon_, article "Sarapis," col. 362 ff.
[2067] Cf. Hopkins, _Religions of India_, chap. xix; J.
Estlin Carpenter, "Buddhist and Christian Parallels" in _Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H.
Toy_.
[2068] Against this view see Breastad, _History of Egypt_, p. 578 ff.
[2069] _De Vita Contemplativa_; see the edition of F. C.
Conybeare. The work is probably to be considered genuine.
[2070] Philo, _Quod omnis probus liber_; Pliny, _Historia Naturalis_, v, 17; Josephus, _Antiquities_, xviii, 1, and _War_, ii, 8; Schurer, _The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ_ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 188 ff. (and the bibliography there given); articles in Cheyne, _Encyclopaedia Biblica_, and Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_.
[2071] From the geographical and historical conditions a Pythagorean origin (perhaps indirect) seems the more probable.