[1839] Tylor, op. cit., ii, 385, 395 al.; Gen. viii, 21.
[1840] Batchelor, _The Ainu_; Miss Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_; Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 12; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 449 ff. 528; Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, pp. 373, 383; R. M. Meyer, _Altgermanische Religionsgeschte_, pp. 416, 419 ff.; N. W. Thomas, article "Animals" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_. Cf., for the Hebrews, W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 217 ff.; for the Greeks, Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 245 f.; Miss Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, chap. x.
[1841] Batchelor, _The Ainu_.
[1842] A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters_, p. 353 ff.
[1843] F. H. Cushing, "My Adventures in Zuni" in _The Century Magazine_ for May, 1883.
[1844] Cf. Hubert and Mauss, "Essai sur le sacrifice" in _Annee sociologique_, ii (1898).
[1845] A more socially refined conception appears in the lectisternium, in which the gods sit at table with their human friends. Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Romer_, p. 355 ff.; Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, Index, s.v.
[1846] -- 23.
[1847] For the worshiper the blood had strengthening power.
[1848] 1 Kings, xvi, 34; article "Bridge" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1849] Cf. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Human Sacrifice_.
[1850] Breasted, _History of Egypt_, pp. 325, 411, 478.
[1851] Pietschmann, _Phonizier_, p. 167; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 403; 2 Kings, iii, 27; Exod. xiii; i, 13; Noldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1852] 2 Kings, xvii, 31.
[1853] _Rig-Veda_, x, 18, 8; viii, 51, 2.
[1854] _Sankhayan Srauta Sutra_, xvi, 10-14; Weber, _Indische Streifen_, i, 65; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 196, 198.
[1855] Hopkins, op. cit., p. 326 ff. Cf. also the practice of the thugs, which has now been put a stop to by the British Government.
[1856] De Groot, in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed., p. 77 f.
[1857] Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, Index, s.v.
[1858] Williams, _Fiji_; Turner, _Samoa_; Codrington, _The Melanesians_.
[1859] Waitz-Gerland, _Anthropologie der Naturvolker_, Index; J. G. Muller, _Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen_, Index; Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_, p. 36.
[1860] Payne, _The New World, Called America_. In Mexico the victim was surrounded with luxuries (including wives) and treated as a god for one year and then sacrificed (Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 1st ed., ii, 218 ff.; 2d ed., ii, 342 f.).
[1861] A. B. Ellis, _Tshi_, _E?e_, and _Yoruba_.
[1862] For such substitutions in Greece see Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 243 f.
[1863] Ellis, _Yoruba_.
[1864] -- 106 ff.
[1865] Alice Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_; _Journal of American Folklore_, vol. iv (1891), no. 15, and vol. xvii (1904), no. 64; _Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_, vol xiv, p. 701.
[1866] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Index, s.v.
_Sacrifice_, and Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Sacrifice_.
[1867] Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Romer_, p. 338 f.
[1868] _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 455.
[1869] Lev. i-iv, viii, xvi, xxi; Numb. xix; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 197 ff.; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, Index, s.v. _Priests and Sacrifices_; Lippert, _Geschichte des Priesterthums_.
[1870] Heb. x, 3.
[1871] _De Abstinentia_ ii, 24.
[1872] See below, -- 1045 ff.
[1873] Gen. iv, 3, 4; Lev. ii, al.
[1874] _Primitive Culture_, ii, 375 ff.; cf. Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, i, 280 ff.
[1875] So often in ascetic practices.
[1876] So, for example, in the _Imitatio Christi_.
[1877] Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, 1581 ff.
(Iphigeneia); Gen. xxii (Isaac); and similar procedures in Hesiod, _Theogony_, 535 ff.; Ovid, _Fasti_, iii, 339 ff.; _Aitareya Brahmana_, ii, 8; _catapatha Brahmana_, i, 2, 3, 5.
[1878] The expulsion of sin or evil in the person of a beast or a human being is a totally different conception. See above, -- 143.
[1879] Isa. liii.
[1880] Isa. xl, 2.
[1881] Cf. ---- 128, 217 ff., 1023.
[1882] Other examples are given in Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, pp. 81 (shepherd sacrifice), 96 (Feriae Latinae), 194 (at the temple of Hercules), and cf. his _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, Index, s.v. _Meals, Sacrificial_.
[1883] Foucart, _Des associations religieuses chez les Grecs_. For the Isis ceremony cf. Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_, xi, 24 f.
[1884] Cumont, _The Mysteries of Mithra_ (Eng. tr.), p. 160.
On the magical element in mysteries cf. De Jong, _Das antike Mysterienwesen_, chap. vi.
[1885] See above, -- 1024.
[1886] _Iliad_, i, 66 f.; _Odyssey_, x, 518 ff.; Gen. viii, 21.