[140] I infer it from the fact that it is not noticed previous to 1680.
Agustin de Vetancurt, _Cronica de la Provincia del Santo Evangelio en Mexico_, edition of 1871, pp. 310, 311. It then contained 2,000 "Tiguas;" but the church dedicated to San Antonio de Padua had just been brought under cover when the rebellion broke out.
[141] Castaneda, ii. cap. v. pp. 178, 179.
[142] Castaneda, pp. 189, 190. Jaramillo, pp. 372-382. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, _Letter to Charles V._, dated Tigues, Oct. 20, 1541.
Appendix to _Voyage de Cibola_, pp. 356-359.
[143] _Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de Nueva Espana_. Very valuable, but much influenced by personal views and prejudice.
[144] Fray Luis Descalona, a lay brother, who remained at Pecos in 1543, may have had a hand in this report. Castaneda, iii. cap. iv. pp. 214, 215. Jaramillo, p. 380.
[145] Castaneda, pp. 176, 177.
[146] Id., xii. p. 68.
[147] Id., i. p. 68; ii. cap. vii. p. 188.
[148] Id., i. p. 69.
[149] _Relation del Suceso de la Jornada que Francisco Vazquez hizo en el Descubrimiento de Cibola_, in vol. xiv. of the Documentos del Archivo de Indias, p. 325. "De unos Indios que se hallaron en este pueblo de Acuique" This would make it very important to consult the original manuscript of Castaneda in order to ascertain if "Cicuye" is not really "Acuye." The latter word would be identical almost with "aqiu." The name Pecos itself belongs to the Qq'ueres language of New Mexico, and is pronounced "Pae-qo." It is applied to the inhabitants of the pueblo, the place itself being called "Pae-yoq'ona." The first mention of it under the name of Pecos is found in the documents of the year 1598, after the general meeting of Juan de Onate with the pueblo Indians in the _estufa_ of Santo Domingo (a Qq'ueres village).
[150] Castaneda, ii. cap. viii. pp. 194, 195; iii. cap. iv. p. 214.
Jaramillo, p. 380. Vetancurt, _Menologio Franciscano_, Nov. 30, p. 386.
Juan de Torquemada, _Monarchia Indiana_, first edition, 1614, lib. xxi.
p. 689.
[151] Castaneda, ii. pp. 194, 195.
[152] Vetancurt, _Menologio_, pp. 412-422. He calls him Rodriguez.
Espejo, _Viaje_, etc., Hackluyt, iii. Geronimo de Zarate Salmeron, p. 9.
[153] This is plain from the description, although Juan de Onate (_Discurso de la Jornada que hizo el Capitan de su Magestad desde la Nueva-Espana a la Provincia de la Nueva-Mexico, Archivos de Indias_, vol. xvi. p. 258) says of the "gran pueblo de los Peccos, y es el que Espejo llama la provincia de Tamos."
[154] Castano, _Descubrimiento_, etc., p. 244. The "vigas grandes," in the _estufa_, recalls the great tree across the northern _estufa_ in the court of A.
[155] Onate, _Jornada_, p. 244.
[156] _Obediencia_, etc., _Archivos_, xvi. p. 113.
[157] pp. 371, 372.
[158] pp. 371, 372.
[159] p. 179.
[160] Fray Francisco de Apodaca, native of Cantabria, was commissary from 1627 till 1633. Vetancurt, _Menologio_, p. 464. Davis, _Conquest of New Mexico_, cap. xxxv. p. 278.
[161] Published in vol. i. of 3a series of _Documentos para la Historia de Mexico_. In consequence of it, Fray Estiban de Perea came to New Mexico with thirty priests. Vetancurt, _Cronica_, p. 300. "Con cuyo ejemplo y ensenanza se poblaron treinta y siete casas de diferentes naciones," among which the Pecos.
[162] Jean Blaeu, _Douzieme Volume de la Geographie Blaviane, contenant l'Amerique_, etc., Amsterdam, 1667, p. 62. He says Picuries, but it must be Pecos. "Avec un seul bourg, mais grandement peuple, ou il y a un temple somptueux." Vetancurt, Cronica, etc., p. 323. "Tenia a nuestra Senora de los Angeles de Porciuncula un templo magnifico, con seis torres, tres de cada lado, adornado; las paredes tan anchas que en sus concavidades estaban hechas oficinas." There are still, in the church of the plaza of Pecos, three paintings out of that church,--one on buffalo-hide, representing Nra. Sra. de Guadalupe, and two on cloth, with Our Lady of the Angels painted on it. The last two are very good.
[163] Blaeu, p. 62.
[164] Vetancurt, _Cronica_, p. 323.
[165] Ibid.
[166] Onate, p. 258.
[167] _Apuntamientos_, etc., p. 104.
[168] "Este Cuaderno se cree ser de un Religioso de la Provincia del Santo Evangelio" (_Anonymous Report on New Mexico_), Documentos, 3a serie, vol. i. p. 127.
[169] Davis, cap. xlii. p. 329.
[170] Escalante, _Letter_, p. 123. Diego de Vargas, _Carta a S. E._, etc., p. 129.
[171] Davis, cap. xlv. pp. 348, 349.
[172] Davis, cap. l. p. 396; cap. li. p. 402.
[173] Niel, p. 104. Escalante, p. 123.
[174] Niel, pp. 104-106. Escalante, p. 122. Gobierno de Don Francisco Cubero y Valdes, _Documentos_, 3a serie, vol. i. p. 194.
[175] Gobierno de Don Francisco Cubero y Valdes, p. 195. In 1712 the pueblo of Pojuaque (north of Santa Fe) contained but seventy-nine inhabitants,--all Tehuas.
[176] Niel, p. 104. "De los Pecos quedaron mas."
[177] The Apaches were in intercourse with Taos until 1700 A.D. _Sesto Cuaderno, Documentos_, 3a serie, i. p. 180.
[178] _Historical Sketch of Santa Fe_, pp. 22, 23, in the pamphlet on _Centennial Celebration_, 1876. It is the only printed report in existence, except a very short one by Judge K. Benedict, on the revolt of 1837.
[179] I have not as yet been able to consult the archives of San Miguel County, at Las Vegas, in regard to the different "Deeds" then executed.
Therefore I forbear mentioning even the names of the grantees of which I was informed.
[180] The Hon. W. G. Ritch is in possession of a number of highly interesting data gathered from the Indians in relation to the sacred fire. All of these he has, in the kindest manner, placed at my disposal.
I, however, defer their mention for a future report, in connection, as I hope, with the pueblo of Jemez. I shall but refer here to a single one.
There were, formerly, several fires burning. One of these, that of the _cacique_, was never permitted to go out, so that, in case one of the others should accidentally become extinguished, it could always be rekindled from the "extra-holy" one.
[181] Even Ruiz affirmed that the tale, as far as the Pecos were concerned, was certainly true. He never could get to see the reptile, however. It is a rattlesnake (_cascabel_).
[182] I am informed by Mr. Miller that blocks or "chunks" of obsidian, as large as a fist or larger, are found in the Arroyo de Taos. This would be about 60 miles north of Santa Fe.
[183] In regard to the regular indentation of arrow-heads, I was informed by Mr. Debrant, then incidentally at Baughl's (on the 4th of September), that these were produced by contact with fire. Applying a glowing coal (the end of a burning stick) to the edge of the flint, and blowing on it steadily, after a few seconds a speck of the mineral will fly off, leaving a groove or indentation proportionate in size to the coal used and to the length of time applied. Thus, an arrow-head may be indented in a very short time, which would be impossible by chipping.
[184] Moss-agate is also found, but rarely.