Boucher (E. Martin), b. Beaulieu 1809. Conducted the Rationaliste at Geneva, where he died 1882. His work Search for the Truth was published at Avignon, 1884.
Bourneville (Magloire Desir), French deputy and physician, b. Garancieres, 21 Oct. 1840. Studied medicine at Paris, and in '79 was appointed physician to the asylum of Bicetre. He was Municipal Councillor of Paris from '76 to '83. On the death of Louis Blanc he was elected deputy in his place. Wrote Science and Miracle, '75; Hysteria in History, '76; and a discourse on Etienne Dolet at the erection of the statue to that martyr, 18 May 1889.
Boutteville (Marc Lucien), French writer, professor at the Lycee Bonaparte. Wrote to Dupanloup on his pamphlet against Atheism, 1867; wrote in La Pensee Nouvelle, '68; is author of a large and able work on the Morality of the Church and Natural Morality, '66; and has edited the posthumous works of Proudhon, 1870.
* Bovio (Giovanni), b. Trani, 1838, Dr. of law and advocate. Author of a dramatic piece, Cristo alla festa di Purim, and of a History of Law in Italy. Signor Bovio delivered the address at unveiling the monument to Bruno at Rome, 9 June, 1889.
Boyer. See Argens.
* Bradlaugh (Charles), M.P. In April, 1889, he introduced a Bill to repeal the Blasphemy Laws.
Braga (Teofilo), Portuguese Positivist, b. 24 Feb. 1843. Educated at Coimbra. Has written many poems, and a History of Portuguese Literature. Is one of the Republican leaders.
Branting (Hjalmar), Swedish Socialist, b. 1860. Sentenced in '88 to three months' imprisonment for blasphemy in his paper Social Democraten.
Braun (Eugen), Dr. See F. W. Ghillany.
Braun (Wilhelm von), Swedish humoristic poet, b. 1813. He satirised many of the Bible stories. Died 1860.
Brewer (Ebenezer Cobham), English author. Has written numerous school books, and compiled a Dictionary of Miracles, 1884.
Brismee (Desire), Belgian printer, b. Ghent, 27 July, 1822. As editor of Le Drapeau he underwent eighteen months' imprisonment. The principle founder of Les Solidaires, he was the life-long secretary of that society, and his annual reports are a valuable contribution towards the history of Freethought in Belgium. An eloquent speaker, many of his Freethought orations were printed in La Tribune du Peuple. Died at Brussels 18 Feb. 1888.
* Brothier (Leon). Died about 1874.
* Brown (G. W.) Dr. Brown's new work is published at Rockford, Illinois, and entitled Researches in Jewish History, including the rise and development of Zoroastrianism and the derivation of Christianity.
* Bruno (Giordano), b. Nola, 21 March, 1548. The Avisso di Roma of 19 Feb. 1600, records the fact of his being burnt, and that he died impenitent. Signor Mariotti, State Secretary to the Minister of Public Instruction, has found a document proving that Bruno was stripped naked, bound to a pole, and burnt alive, and that he bore his martyrdom with great fortitude.
Buen (Odon de), Spanish writer on Las Dominicales, of Madrid, b. Aragon, 1884. Professor of Natural History at the University of Barcelona. Has written an account of a scientific expedition From Christiania to Treggurt, has translated Memoirs of Garibaldi. He married civilly the daughter of F. Lozano, and was delegate to the Paris Freethought Conference, 1889.
Calderon (Alfredo), Spanish journalist and lawyer, b. 1852. He edits La Justicia. Has written several books on law.
Calderon (Lauresmo), Professor of Chemistry in the University of Madrid, b. 1848. Is a propagator of Darwinian ideas.
Calderon (Salvador), Spanish geologist and naturalist, b. 1846; professor at the University of Seville. Has made scientific travels in Central America, and written largely on geological subjects.
Calvo (Rafael), Spanish actor and dramatic author, b. 1852. A pronounced Republican and Freethinker.
* Canestrini (Giovanni), b. Revo (Trente), 26 Dec. 1835.
Cassels (Walter Richard), a nephew of Dr. Pusey, is the author of Supernatural Religion, a critical examination of the worth of the Gospels (two vols. 1874 and three '79). Has written under his own name Eidolon and other poems, 1850, and Poems, '56. In '89 he published A Reply to Dr. Lightfoot's Essays.
Castro (Fernando), Spanish philosopher and historian. He was a priest, and on his death-bed confessed himself a Freethinker, and had a secular burial. Died about 1874, aged 60 years.
Cavia (Mariano), Spanish journalist and critic, b. 1859, editor of the Liberal of Madrid.
* Coke (Henry), author of Creeds of the Day, is the third son of the first Earl of Leicester, and was born 3 Jan. 1827. He served in the navy during the first China War, 1840-42. Published accounts of the siege of Vienna, '48, at which he was present, also "Ride over Rocky Mountains," which he accomplished with great hardships in '50. Was private secretary to Mr. Horsman when Chief Secretary for Ireland in '54-'58. Married Lady K. Egerton, 1861.
Cornette (Henri Arthur Marie), Belgian professor of Flemish literature at Antwerp, b. Bruges, 27 March, 1852. A writer in L'Avenir of Brussels and the Revue Socialite, he has published separate works on Freemasonry, 1878; Pessimism and Socialism, '80; Freethought Darwinism, etc.
Curros (Enriquez), living Spanish poet, who was prosecuted by the Bishop of Santiago, of Galicia, for his collection of poems entitled Airs of my Country, but he was acquitted by the jury.
Czerski (Johannes), German reformer, b. Warlubien, West Prussia, 12 May, 1813. He became a Catholic priest in '44, broke with the Church, associated himself with Ronge, married, and was excommunicated. Has written several works against Roman Catholicism, and is still living at Schneidemukl-Posen.
D'Ercole (Pasquale), Italian professor of philosophy in the University of Turin, author of a work on Christian Theism, in which he holds that the principles of philosophic Theism are undemonstrated and at variance both with reality and with themselves.
Deschanel (Emile Auguste), French senator, b. Paris, 19 Nov. 1819. He wrote in the Revue Independante, Revue des Deux Mondes and Liberte de Penser; for writing against clericalism in the last he was deprived of his chair. After 2 Dec. he went to Belgium. He has been Professor of Modern Literature at the College of France, and written many important works.
Desnoiresterres (Gustave le Brisoys), Frenchman of letters, b. Bayeux, 20 June, 1817, author of Epicurienes et Lettres XVII. and XVIII. Siecles, 1881, and Voltaire et la Societe Francaise au XVIII. Siecle, an important work in eight vols.
* Desraimes (Maria), b. 15 Aug. 1835.
Diogenes (Apolloinates), a Cretan, natural philosopher, who lived in the fifth century B.C. He is supposed to have got into trouble at Athens through his philosophical opinions being considered dangerous to the State. He held that nothing was produced from nothing or reduced to nothing; that the earth was round and had received its shape from whirling. He made no distinction between mind and matter.
Donius (Augustinus), a Materialist, referred to by Bacon. His work, De Natura Dominis, in two books, 1581, refers the power of the spirit, to motion. The title of his second book is "Omnes operationes spiritus esse motum et semum."
Dosamantes (Jesus Ceballos), Mexican philosopher; author of works on Absolute Perfection, Mexico, 1888, and Modern Pharisees and Sadducees (mystics and materialists), '89.
Druskowitz (Helene), Dr., b. Vienna, 2 May, 1858. Miss Druskowitz is Doctor of philosophy at Dresden, and has written a life of Shelley, Berlin, '84; a little book on Freewill, and The New Doctrines, '83.
Dufay (Henri), author of La Legende du Christ, 1880.
Duller (Eduard), German poet and historian, b. Vienna, 18 Nov. 1809. He wrote a History of the Jesuits (Leipsic, '40) and The Men of the People (Frankfort, '47-'50). Died at Wiesbaden, 24 July, 1853.
* Du Marsais (Cesar Chesneau). He edited Mirabaud's anonymous work on The World and its Antiquity and The Soul and its Immortality, Londres, 1751.
* Fellowes (R.) Graduated B.A. at Oxford 1796, M.A. 1801. Died 6 Feb. 1847.
Figueras-y-Moracas (Estanilas), Spanish statesman and orator, b. Barcelona, 13 Nov. 1810. Studied law and soon manifested Republican opinions. In '51 he was elected to the Cortes, was exiled in '66, but returned in '68. He fought the candidature of the Duc de Montpensier in '69, and became President of the Spanish Republic 12 Feb. '73. Died poor in 1879, and was buried without religious ceremony, according to his wish.
Fitzgerald (Edward), English poet and translator, b. near Woodbridge, Suffolk, 31 March, 1809. Educated at Cambridge and took his degree in '30. He lived the life of a recluse, and produced a fine translation of Calderon. His fame rests securely on his fine rendering of the Quatrains of Omar Khayyam. Died 14 June, 1883.
Galletti (Baldassare), cavalier Pantheist of Palermo. Has translated Feuerbach on Death and Immortality, and also translated from Morin. Died Rome, 18 Feb. 1887.
Ganeval (Louis), French professor in Egypt, b. Veziat, 1815, author of a work on Egypt and Jesus devant l'histoire n'a jamais vecu. The first part, published in '74, was prohibited in France, and the second part was published at Geneva in '79.
Garrido (Fernando), Spanish writer, author of Memoirs of a Sceptic, Cadiz 1843, a work on Contemporary Spain, published at Brussels in '62, The Jesuits, and a large History of Political and Religious Persecutions, a work rendered into English in conjunction with C. B. Cayley. Died at Cordova in 1884.
Gerling (Fr. Wilhelm), German author of Letter of a Materialist to an Idealist, Berlin 1888, to which Frau Hedwig Henrich Wilhelmi contributes a preface.
Geroult de Pival, French librarian at Rouen; probably the author of Doutes sur la Religion, Londres, 1767. Died at Paris about 1772.
Goffin (Nicolas), founder of the Society La Libre of Liege and President of La Libre Pensee of Brussels, and one of the General Council of the International Federation of Freethinkers. Died 23 May, 1884.
Goldhawke (J. H.), author of the Solar Allegories, proving that the greater number of personages mentioned in the Old and New Testaments are allegorical beings, Calcutta 1853.
Gorani (Giuseppe), count, b. Milan, 1744. He was intimate with Beccaria, D'Holbach, and Diderot. He wrote a treatise on Despotism, published anonymously, 1770; defended the French Revolution and was made a French citizen. Died poor at Geneva, 12 Dec. 1819.